Overall Clinical Features of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Respect to Gender

Abstract

IntroductionSince patients with type 2 diabetes are frequently misdiagnosed, provided inappropriate management, or poorly controlled, it is important to comprehend the wide range of clinical signs and symptoms associated with diabetes. Therefore, this study evaluated the overall clinical manifestations of patients with type 2 diabetes patients with respect to gender. MethodsThis was a multicenter, cross-sectional study that was conducted at various hospitals, using a nonprobability sampling technique. The duration of the study was about six months, from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2022. The study included 590 type 2 diabetes patients, ranging in age from 35 to 70 years. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, health status, co-morbidities, and diabetes symptoms were documented. A chi-square was applied to determine the association between overall symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes and gender. An independent t-test was applied to determine the significance level between means of demographic parameters. ResultsThe study findings showed that out of 590 patients with diabetes, 310 (52.5%) were males and 280 (47.5%) were females. The male and female mean ages were 57.46±14.93 and 50.38±14.85 years, respectively, with a statistically significant gender difference (p<0.001). The prevalence of renal manifestation in type 2 patients with diabetes revealed a significant relationship (p<0.05) for both genders. The prevalence of ocular manifestations revealed a significant relationship with both genders (p<0.05) in terms of distortion and blurred vision. The prevalence of ocular manifestations revealed a significant relationship observed with both genders (p<0.05) in terms of shortness of breath, dyspnea severity, and severity of chest pain. ConclusionThis study concluded that women with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a significantly higher frequency of muscular pain, urinary symptoms, neurological symptoms, and dermatological manifestations than men. In contrast, respiratory symptoms were significantly more pronounced in males than in females. The presence of comorbidities such as dyslipidemia significantly increased the probability of developing type 2 diabetes in both genders.

The Circulating Selenium Concentration Is Positively Related to the Lipid Accumulation Product: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

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“…The MEME Suite, accessible at https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme, was utilized to identify protein motifs encoded by these genes. Additionally, an online tool was employed to pinpoint the locations of these motifs within the peptide sequences (Haider et al, 2023b).…”

“…The Ka/Ks ratio was assessed to elucidate the molecular evolutionary rates of each gene pair. Generally, a Ka/Ks value <1 suggests purifying selection in evolution, Ka/Ks equals to 1 indicates neutral selection, while Ka/ Ks >1 signifies positive selection (Haider et al, 2023b). Furthermore, the calculation of the divergence time for these gene pairs was conducted using the formula t = Ks/2r, with r (1.5 × 10 −8 ) serving as the representative value for neutral substitution rates (Campos et al, 2023).…”

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A comparison of the disease occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, and ischaemic heart diseases among hospitalized older adults in Thailand

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