Over two decades of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak: Trend and forecast

Ooi, Choo Huck; Bujang, Mohamad Adam; Sidik, Tg Mohd Ikhwan Tg Abu Bakar; Ngui, Romano; Lim, Yvonne Ai‐Lian

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.027

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Knowlesi malaria cases have been showing an upward trend in Malaysian Borneo for the past decade and is also forecasted to increase. 34 , 115 , 116 Experimental transmission of P. knowlesi from monkey to man, from man to man, and from man back to monkey has been shown by Chin et al 117 Besides, gametocytes can be found in infected patients, 118 , 119 and most vectors of P. knowlesi (e.g. An.…”

Section: Future Directions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 98%

<em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em> malaria: current research perspectives

Amir¹,

Cheong²,

Silva³

et al. 2018

IDR

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Originally known to cause simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi is now known as the fifth human malaria species. Since the publishing of a report that largely focused on human knowlesi cases in Sarawak in 2004, many more human cases have been reported in nearly all of the countries in Southeast Asia and in travelers returning from these countries. The zoonotic nature of this infection hinders malaria elimination efforts. In order to grasp the current perspective of knowlesi malaria, this literature review explores the different aspects of the disease including risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and molecular and functional studies. Current studies do not provide sufficient data for an effective control program. Therefore, future direction for knowlesi research is highlighted here with a final aim of controlling, if not eliminating, the parasite.

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Section: Future Directions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 98%

<em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em> malaria: current research perspectives

Amir¹,

Cheong²,

Silva³

et al. 2018

IDR

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“…To determine the frequency of the 2 P. knowlesi subpopulations over time, we investigated samples derived from Kapit division, Sarawak state, Malaysian Borneo, where high incidence of cases has been reported (7). New samples were collected as dried blood spots on filter papers (3MM Whatman, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) from P. knowlesi clinical cases in Kapit Hospital during September 2016-May 2018 (440 cases).…”

Section: Dna and Blood Samples From Malaria Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Surveillance ofPlasmodium knowlesiGenetic Subpopulations, Malaysian Borneo, 2000–2018

Divis¹,

Hu²,

Kadir³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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T he monkey parasite Plasmodium knowlesi was discovered to be a common cause of malaria in humans in 2004, initially from investigations in the Kapit division of Sarawak state, Malaysian Borneo (1). Humans acquire infection primarily from wild long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed (M. nemestrina) macaque reservoirs (2); Anopheles mosquitoes of the leucosphyrus group are vectors (3,4). P. knowlesi malaria has been described across Southeast Asia, but most clinical cases are still reported in Malaysian Borneo (3,5-8). In 2017 and 2018, a total of 7,745 cases were reported in Malaysia, 86.8% of which were detected in Malaysian Borneo (B. Singh, unpub. data) (9). P. knowlesi infections can be asymptomatic (10,11), and clinical cases exhibit a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to death (3). Population genetic surveys of P. knowlesi infections in humans across Malaysia have revealed 2 divergent subpopulations of the parasite in Malaysian Borneo that are associated with the 2 macaque species locally, suggesting 2 independent zoonoses (12,13). The cluster 1 type has been associated with longtailed macaques and the cluster 2 type with pig-tailed macaques (12). The existence of 2 sympatric subpopulations also has been confirmed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of P. knowlesi from patients in Malaysian Borneo (13,14). In peninsular Malaysia on the Asia mainland, all cases have been caused by another subpopulation, cluster 3, that has not been detected in Malaysian Borneo (13,15). Limited WGS (14,15) and microsatellite (13) genotyping of P. knowlesi isolates derived from human and only long-tailed macaque hosts from peninsular Malaysia showed allopatric divergence for this subpopulation cluster from those of Malaysian Borneo because of geographic separation by the South China Sea. Increasing numbers of P. knowlesi malaria cases detected might be due to increased zoonotic exposure along with a reduction of endemic malaria parasite species (16). With the recent identification of different zoonotic P. knowlesi genetic subpopulations, determining whether these populations vary in frequency over space and time is important. Interactions with

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“…Malaysia aims to eliminate malaria nationwide by 2020. Although the country has successfully eliminated indigenous transmission of all human malaria species [ 3 ], the incidence of malaria caused by P. knowlesi continues to infect a large number of people in remote parts of Malaysia [ 5 , 11 , 69 ]. This is the first systematic review to determine the pooled distribution of all malaria species and performance of major malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia, based on English publications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980–2019): a systematic review

Rahim

Munajat

Idris

2020

Malar J

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Background Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers. Results The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other Plasmodium species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40–43%), but varied for PCR (2–34%). Conclusions This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria parasites to simian malaria parasites, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Over two decades of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak: Trend and forecast

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

<em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em> malaria: current research perspectives

<em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em> malaria: current research perspectives

Efficient Surveillance ofPlasmodium knowlesiGenetic Subpopulations, Malaysian Borneo, 2000–2018

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980–2019): a systematic review

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