Ovarian hormones and obesity

Leeners, Brigitte; Geary, Nori; Tobler, Philippe N.; Asarian, Lori

doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw045

Cited by 272 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 318 publications

(368 reference statements)

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“…After ovariectomy surgery, both KO mice and WT mice had a significant decrease in estrogen levels (Fig 1). Numerous studies have shown that estrogen can effectively regulate weight gain [16][17][18]. In a longitudinal study, increased waist circumference, BMI, and fat mass and reduced skeletal muscle mass were found in menopausal women, which are associated with changes in menopausal hormone levels [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NRF2 deficiency increases obesity susceptibility in a mouse menopausal model

Huang

Cong

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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The risk of metabolic abnormalities in menopausal women increases significantly due to the decline in estrogen level. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is an important oxidative stress sensor that plays regulatory role in energy metabolism. Therefore, an ovariectomized menopausal model in Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice was applied to evaluate the effect of Nrf2 deficiency on metabolism in menopausal females. The mice were divided into four groups according to their genotypes and treatments. Blood samples and bodyweights were obtained preoperatively and in the first to ninth postoperative weeks after overnight fasting. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose (GLU) were measured at postoperative weeks 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) was analyzed in brain tissues after sacrifice at postoperative week 9. The results demonstrated that, compared with the corresponding wild-type (WT) mice, KO ovariectomized mice had a greater bodyweight gain (P<0.01). Serum analysis showed that the serum GLU, T-CHO, and TG were significantly lower (P<0.05) but LDL was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the KO control mice than that in WT control mice. However, different from the WT counterparts, an increase in blood GLU level (P<0.05), unchanged T-CHO, TG, and HDL levels, and a significant reduction in LDL (P<0.01) was found in the KO ovariectomized mice. In addition, the level of 5-HT was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the KO mice after ovariectomy. In conclusion, the combination of Nrf2 deletion and a decline in estrogen level induced a significant increase in bodyweight, which may be associated with their altered glucose and LDL metabolism and decreased 5-HT levels. From a clinical perspective, women with antioxidant defense deficiency may have an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities after menopause. Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.serum MDA levels increased in the WT-OVX and KO-CON groups, but decreased in the KO-OVX group, though no statistical significance was reached yet (Fig 2). Body weight changes in different groups of miceBody weight curves prepared by weighing each group of mice weekly showed that weight gain occurred in the WT-OVX and KO-OVX groups relative to the WT-CON and KO-CON groups (Fig 3b). No significant difference of the weight gain rate was found between the WT-CON and KO-CON groups, but OVX groups had increased weight compared to the counterpart CON groups (Fig 3b and 3a, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). By calculating the rate of weight gain from the preoperative time to postoperative week 9 in different groups, we found that the weight gain rates of the KO-OVX was significantly higher than that in the corresponding KO-CON and WT-CON groups after postoperative week 4 (Fig 3b), and the weight gain rate of KO-OVX was the greatest and was significantly different from the WT-CON and KO-CON group (WT-CON 6.02% ± 2.95%, WT-OVX 18.55% ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NRF2 deficiency increases obesity susceptibility in a mouse menopausal model

Huang

Cong

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…Separate from binge effects on food motivation, it is important to note that estrogen replacement appeared to augment operant performance in HFD-ED rats. This effect was most apparent on reward collection times in female rats treated with exogenous E 2 , a finding that may appear paradoxical given the established anorexigenic role of estrogen on food intake (35)(36)(37). However, previous studies have reported reduced sensory detection of sucrose and increased cognitive performance following estrogen treatment in female rats (38,39).…”

Section: Estrogen Replacement Augmented Operant Performance In Femalementioning

confidence: 84%

Examining the Impact of Estrogen on Binge Feeding, Food‐Motivated Behavior, and Body Weight in Female Rats

Brutman

Sirohi

Davis

2019

Obesity

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Objective Binge‐eating disorder is associated with diminished self‐control, emotional distress, and obesity. In this context, women are nearly twice as likely to develop binge‐eating disorder and depression relative to men. Here, the physiological, psychological, and endocrine parameters were characterized in female rats subjected to a binge‐eating protocol. Methods Nonrestricted female Long Evans rats (n = 8/group) received 2‐hour restricted access to a high‐fat diet (HFD) (4.54 kcal/g) every day or every third day. The progression of estrous cycling, the functional relevance of estrogen signaling for binge feeding, and binge‐induced changes in food motivation were measured. Results Female rats developed a binge pattern of feeding that included alternation between caloric overconsumption and compensatory voluntary restriction without impacting estrous cycling. Notably, rats that received daily HFD exposure progressively decreased binge meals. Estrogen replacement in normal cycling or ovariectomized rats mimicked the reduction in body weight in female rats that received daily HFD access. Operant responding was unaffected by binge feeding; however, estrogen augmented operant performance in HFD‐exposed rats. Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that estrogen protects against binge‐induced increases in body weight gain without affecting food motivation in female rats.

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“…While this may be influenced by age rather than menopause per se [5], the menopausal transition is independently associated with an increase in fat mass, especially in the abdominal region [6,7]. Perimenopausal women, furthermore, undergo a decrease in lean body mass and a significant reduction in energy expenditure, mainly from fat oxidation, which favour an increase in total body and visceral fat, without major changes in energy intake [6,7]. Visceral adiposity augments the production of proinflammatory cytokines, increases circulating free fatty acids and promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species, contributing to the development of insulin resistance [8].…”

Section: Metabolic Changes During the Menopausal Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause and diabetes: EMAS clinical guide

et al. 2018

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Introduction: Whether menopause increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) independently of ageing has been a matter of debate. Controversy also exists about the benefits and risks of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in women with T2DM. Aims: To summarise the evidence on 1) the effect of menopause on metabolic parameters and the risk of T2DM, 2) the effect of T2DM on age at menopause, 3) the effect of MHT on the risk of T2DM, and 4) the management of postmenopausal women with T2DM. Materials and methods: Literature review and consensus of experts' opinions. Results and conclusion: Metabolic changes during the menopausal transition include an increase in and the central redistribution of adipose tissue, as well as a decrease in energy expenditure. In addition, there is impairment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and an increase in the risk of T2DM. MHT has a favourable effect on glucose metabolism, both in women with and in women without T2DM, while it may delay the onset of T2DM. MHT in women with T2DM should be administered according to their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In women with T2DM and low CVD risk, oral oestrogens may be preferred, while transdermal 17βoestradiol is preferred for women with T2DM and coexistent CVD risk factors, such as obesity. In any case, a progestogen with neutral effects on glucose metabolism should be used, such as progesterone, dydrogesterone or transdermal norethisterone. Postmenopausal women with T2DM should be managed primarily with lifestyle intervention, including diet and exercise. Most of them will eventually require pharmacological therapy. The

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Ovarian hormones and obesity

Cited by 272 publications

References 318 publications

NRF2 deficiency increases obesity susceptibility in a mouse menopausal model

NRF2 deficiency increases obesity susceptibility in a mouse menopausal model

Examining the Impact of Estrogen on Binge Feeding, Food‐Motivated Behavior, and Body Weight in Female Rats

Menopause and diabetes: EMAS clinical guide

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