“…QDs are semiconductor nanocrystals, which are mainly composed of II–VI or III–V elements (Di Nardo et al, 2016), and can also be composed of two or more elements to form core‐shell structures. QDs have unique optical properties, such as a wide range of ultraviolet (UV) absorption, narrow fluorescence emission spectrum, high fluorescence intensity, long fluorescence lifetime, and high quantum yield (Kozák et al, 2016; Qie et al, 2019; Tian et al, 2010; Zhang et al, 2018). As an ideal fluorescent marker, QDs have attracted more and more attention and have been used in biological and medical immunoassay (Hou et al, 2020; Novikova, Ponomaryova, & Goryacheva, 2020; Qi, Xu, Liu, & Guo, 2020; Yao et al, 2017; Zhou et al, 2021).…”