Outpatient evaluation of vision and ocular motricity in 123 children with cerebral palsy

Matta, André Palma da Cunha; Nunes, Gilberto; Rossi, Luciana Drummond de Figueiredo; Lawisch, Vera Lucia; Dellatolas, Georges; Braga, Lúcia Willadino

doi:10.1080/17518420701783622

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The prevalence found in our study was higher than that in the previous studies. [5][6][7] One of the reasons could be that the criteria for ametropia in previous studies were set at a higher value; however, our criteria have been used in other studies. 23 The other reason for the difference could be the strict diagnostic criteria of cerebral palsy and MRI confirmation used for enrollment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Moreover, the subjects were older than age 4 years in most of the studies. 3,5,6,10,11 Thus, we cannot determine the association between ophthalmic and motor system development. A few reports suggested that fixation of refractive error occurred between ages 2.5 and 3 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Clear diagnosis using strict criteria, including brain-imaging data, was not provided, especially for cerebral palsy patients. [5][6][7] There are still unidentified situations that mimic clinical manifestation of cerebral palsy. 12 Moreover, the subjects were older than age 4 years in most of the studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The related pathognomonic disorders are presented as refractive errors and strabismus. [5][6][7] Because ophthalmic disorders and neurological deficits in cerebral palsy have a high possibility of being related, several studies have investigated the correlation between neurological impairment and ophthalmic disorders. One study reported that there is no association between the severity and the degree of refractive error in cerebral palsy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Linkage Between Visual and Motor Development in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Lew

Lee

et al. 2015

Pediatric Neurology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Linkage Between Visual and Motor Development in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Lew

Lee

et al. 2015

Pediatric Neurology

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“…Other tests include the Titmus housefly test, the Lang stereo test, the Hess screen test, red-filter test, Maddox rod evaluation, and Lancaster red-green test. 12,30 In young children, who may be less cooperative with an examiner, binocular gaze conjugacy may only be assessable with simpler algorithms, such as following an object moving in a set trajectory. 9 When such tests are performed in conjunction with the remainder of the neuro-ophthalmic and physical evaluation, one can localize neurological lesions and quantitate ocular motility deficits, particularly those associated with TBI, 18 with great accuracy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of third and sixth cranial nerve palsies with a novel method for eye tracking while watching a short film clip

Samadani

Farooq²,

Ritlop³

et al. 2015

JNS

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OBJECT Automated eye movement tracking may provide clues to nervous system function at many levels. Spatial calibration of the eye tracking device requires the subject to have relatively intact ocular motility that implies function of cranial nerves (CNs) III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducent) and their associated nuclei, along with the multiple regions of the brain imparting cognition and volition. The authors have developed a technique for eye tracking that uses temporal rather than spatial calibration, enabling detection of impaired ability to move the pupil relative to normal (neurologically healthy) control volunteers. This work was performed to demonstrate that this technique may detect CN palsies related to brain compression and to provide insight into how the technique may be of value for evaluating neuropathological conditions associated with CN palsy, such as hydrocephalus or acute mass effect. METHODS The authors recorded subjects’ eye movements by using an Eyelink 1000 eye tracker sampling at 500 Hz over 200 seconds while the subject viewed a music video playing inside an aperture on a computer monitor. The aperture moved in a rectangular pattern over a fixed time period. This technique was used to assess ocular motility in 157 neurologically healthy control subjects and 12 patients with either clinical CN III or VI palsy confirmed by neuro-ophthalmological examination, or surgically treatable pathological conditions potentially impacting these nerves. The authors compared the ratio of vertical to horizontal eye movement (height/width defined as aspect ratio) in normal and test subjects. RESULTS In 157 normal controls, the aspect ratio (height/width) for the left eye had a mean value ± SD of 1.0117 ± 0.0706. For the right eye, the aspect ratio had a mean of 1.0077 ± 0.0679 in these 157 subjects. There was no difference between sexes or ages. A patient with known CN VI palsy had a significantly increased aspect ratio (1.39), whereas 2 patients with known CN III palsy had significantly decreased ratios of 0.19 and 0.06, respectively. Three patients with surgically treatable pathological conditions impacting CN VI, such as infratentorial mass effect or hydrocephalus, had significantly increased ratios (1.84, 1.44, and 1.34, respectively) relative to normal controls, and 6 patients with supratentorial mass effect had significantly decreased ratios (0.27, 0.53, 0.62, 0.45, 0.49, and 0.41, respectively). These alterations in eye tracking all reverted to normal ranges after surgical treatment of underlying pathological conditions in these 9 neurosurgical cases. CONCLUSIONS This proof of concept series of cases suggests that the use of eye tracking to detect CN palsy while the patient watches television or its equivalent represents a new capacity for this technology. It may provide a new tool for the assessment of multiple CNS functions that can potentially be useful in the assessment of awake patients with elevated intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus or trauma.

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Testing Visual Function and Visual Evaluation Outcomes in the Child with Cerebral Palsy

Ciner¹,

Appel²,

Graboyes³

et al. 2018

Cerebral Palsy

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Outpatient evaluation of vision and ocular motricity in 123 children with cerebral palsy

Abstract: Visual and oculomotor tests are of significant importance in children with CP and provide relevant information for creating a rehabilitation programme aimed at the individual as a whole.

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

Possible Linkage Between Visual and Motor Development in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Possible Linkage Between Visual and Motor Development in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Detection of third and sixth cranial nerve palsies with a novel method for eye tracking while watching a short film clip

Testing Visual Function and Visual Evaluation Outcomes in the Child with Cerebral Palsy

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