Outline Pursuits: Gaze-assisted Selection of Occluded Objects in Virtual Reality

Sidenmark, Ludwig; Clarke, Christopher; Zhang, Xuesong; Phu, Jenny; Gellersen, Hans

doi:10.1145/3313831.3376438

Cited by 60 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…It is interesting to consider how Gaze+Hold can be combined with other gaze-based techniques. Smooth pursuit, for example, can be used to select objects based on relative movement [Sidenmark et al 2020;Vidal et al 2013], which requires objects to be in motion. To avoid continual motion, Gaze+Hold could be used to initiate display of target motion by closure of one eye, followed by pursuit selection with the other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diverse forms of gaze interaction exist beyond point and dwell, including saccadic gestures (e.g. left, right, up, down) [Heikkilä and Räihä 2012;Zhang et al 2017], glances off-screen [Istance et al 2008] or to confirmation targets [Lutteroth et al 2015], gestures "drawn" with multiple saccades [Bâce et al 2016;Drewes and Schmidt 2007;Wobbrock et al 2008], and smooth pursuit eye movement in correlation with moving stimuli [Esteves et al 2015;Gomez and Gellersen 2018;Sidenmark et al 2020;Velloso et al 2017;Vidal et al 2013]. In principle, any of these can be combined with Gaze+Hold, as they constitute gaze input that can be performed with one eye.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze+Hold: Eyes-only Direct Manipulation with Continuous Gaze Modulated by Closure of One Eye

Gómez

Clarke

Sidenmark

et al. 2021

ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications

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Fig. 1. Gaze+Hold uses explicit closing of one eye to modulate gaze input from the open eye, demonstrated here with drag and drop.(1) The user looks at the interface without triggering any effects; (2) on left eye closure, the object is selected; (3) dragging is enabled via continuous gaze input from the open eye; (4) the interaction stops and the object is dropped when opening the left eye.The eyes are coupled in their gaze function and therefore usually treated as a single input channel, limiting the range of interactions.However, people are able to open and close one eye while still gazing with the other. We introduce Gaze+Hold as an eyes-only technique that builds on this ability to leverage the eyes as separate input channels, with one eye modulating the state of interaction while the other provides continuous input. Gaze+Hold enables direct manipulation beyond pointing which we explore through the design of Gaze+Hold techniques for a range of user interface tasks. In a user study, we evaluated performance, usability and user's spontaneous choice of eye for modulation of input. The results show that users are effective with Gaze+Hold. The choice of dominant versus non-dominant eye had no effect on performance, perceived usability and workload. This is significant for the utility of Gaze+Hold as it affords flexibility for mapping of either eye in different configurations.CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Interaction techniques.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze+Hold: Eyes-only Direct Manipulation with Continuous Gaze Modulated by Closure of One Eye

Gómez

Clarke

Sidenmark

et al. 2021

ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In comparison, eye gaze is faster and more effortless, while the head is more stable and affords better control [5,7,20,31]. Researchers have also developed interaction techniques that use the eyes and head for subsequent usage for refined selection [19,20,35,39], head-turning for target disambiguation of gazed on targets [25], or head movement to move a tool glass over gazed on targets [24]. In recent work, we proposed Eye&Head selection techniques that build on the coordinated relationship between the eyes and head [37].…”

Section: Eye-head Coordination and Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radi-Eye: Hands-Free Radial Interfaces for 3D Interaction using Gaze-Activated Head-Crossing

Sidenmark

Potts

Bapisch

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Figure 1: Radi-Eye in a smart home environment for control of appliances. A: The user turns on the lamp via a toggle selection with minimal effort using only gaze (orange) and head (red) movements. B: Selection can be expanded to subsequent headcontrolled continuous interaction to adjust the light colour via a slider. C: Gaze-triggered nested levels support a large number of widgets and easy selection of one of the multiple preset lighting modes. The widgets enabled via Radi-Eye allow a high-level of hands-free and at-a-distance control of objects from any position.

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“…4. Outline effects are commonly used to denote interactivity or selection [16], [17]. However, the implemented outline was dynamically rendered proportional to interpenetration's depth.…”

Section: E User Representation and Visual Interpenetration Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrotactile Feedback in Virtual Reality For Precise and Accurate Contact Rendering

Vizcay¹,

Kourtesis²,

Argelaguet³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This paper presents a wearable electrotactile feedback system to enable precise and accurate contact rendering with virtual objects for mid-air interactions. In particular, we propose the use of electrotactile feedback to render the interpenetration distance between the user's finger and the virtual content is touched. Our approach consists of modulating the perceived intensity (frequency and pulse width modulation) of the electrotactile stimuli according to the registered interpenetration distance. In a user study (N=21), we assessed the performance of four different interpenetration feedback approaches: electrotactile-only, visual-only, electrotactile and visual, and no interpenetration feedback. First, the results showed that contact precision and accuracy were significantly improved when using interpenetration feedback. Second, and more interestingly, there were no significant differences between visual and electrotactile feedback when the calibration was optimized and the user was familiarized with electrotactile feedback. Taken together, these results suggest that electrotactile feedback could be an efficient replacement of visual feedback for accurate and precise contact rendering in virtual reality avoiding the need of active visual focus and the rendering of additional visual artefacts.

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Outline Pursuits: Gaze-assisted Selection of Occluded Objects in Virtual Reality

Cited by 60 publications

References 49 publications

Gaze+Hold: Eyes-only Direct Manipulation with Continuous Gaze Modulated by Closure of One Eye

Gaze+Hold: Eyes-only Direct Manipulation with Continuous Gaze Modulated by Closure of One Eye

Radi-Eye: Hands-Free Radial Interfaces for 3D Interaction using Gaze-Activated Head-Crossing

Electrotactile Feedback in Virtual Reality For Precise and Accurate Contact Rendering

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