Outdoor swimming pools and the risks of asthma and allergies during adolescence

Bernard, Alfred; Nickmilder, Marc; Voisin, C

doi:10.1183/09031936.00114807

Cited by 87 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Furthermore, they attend smaller, hotter, and eventually more polluted swimming pools than adults. Studies conducted in Belgium reported an increased risk of asthma among children with atopy that was associated with early indoor [87][88][89] and outdoor [90] swimming pool attendance. However, studies in other European countries such as Germany [91], Spain [92,93], the UK [94•], and the Netherlands [95], have found no association between swimming pool attendance and respiratory symptoms among children.…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

226

124

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The presence of chemical compounds formed as disinfection by-products (DBPs) is widespread in developed countries, and virtually whole populations are exposed to these chemicals through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption from drinking water and swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence has shown a consistent association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes and the risk of bladder cancer, although the causal nature of the association is not conclusive. Evidence concerning other cancer sites is insufficient or mixed. Numerous studies have evaluated reproductive implications, including sperm quality, time to pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy outcomes such as fetal loss, fetal growth, preterm delivery, and congenital malformation. The body of evidence suggests only minor effects from high exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth indices such as small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Populations highly exposed to swimming pools such as pool workers and professional swimmers show a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, respectively, although the direction of the association, and thus causality, is not clear among professional swimmers. The risk of asthma, wheezing, eczema, and other respiratory outcomes among children attending swimming pools has been the object of extensive research. Early studies suggested a positive association, while subsequent larger studies found no correlations or showed a protective association. Future research should develop methods to evaluate the effects of the DBP mixture and the interaction with personal characteristics (e.g., genetics, lifestyle), clarify the association between swimming pools and respiratory health, evaluate the occurrence of DBPs in lowand middle-income countries, and evaluate outcomes suggested by animal studies that have not been considered in epidemiological investigations.

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Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

226

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Likewise, the authors have recently reported an association between outdoor swimming pool attendance and the risk of asthma, airway inflammation and sensitization to some indoor allergens. 42 The authors therefore hypothesized that regular attendance at chlorinated swimming pools might have a role in the development of asthma by causing an increased lung permeability, which could in turn facilitate allergen sensitization. 1 In another study, the same group demonstrated a linear relationship between asthma prevalence and cumulated pool attendance only in children with total IgE > 100 kU/L, supporting the hypothesis that the relationship between asthma and cumulated pool attendance might be due mostly to interaction with atopic status.…”

Section: Respiratory Effects Of Chronic Chlorine Exposure In Nonasthmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Uyan

Carraro

Piacentini

et al. 2008

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Summary. Swimming is often recommended as a sport because of its several benefits to health. It is also recommended in asthmatic children as a sport with a lower potential for prompting exercise-induced asthma. However, there is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects of repeated respiratory tract exposure to chlorinated products and the problem of possible swimmingrelated health hazards is gaining importance at international level. It is already known that acute exposure to chlorine gas as in swimming pool accidents causes lung damage and also that elite swimmers may have increased airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, probably as a result of repeated exposure to chlorine derivatives. Recently some studies have been conducted to investigate whether repeated exposure to chlorine by-products in recreational swimmers might also lead to lung damage. In addition, some studies have been lately published on the even more debated issue of the possible harmful effects of baby swimming on respiratory health. This article reviews and discusses data from the literature on the effects of chlorine derivatives in different categories of people routinely attending swimming pools. The need for longitudinal studies is emphasized to definitely clarify any role of chlorinated swimming pool attendance in the development of asthma in recreational swimmers.

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“…However, health effects in recreational visitors and especially in children are more controversial. One study found higher risks of developing asthma and airway inflammation, when adolescents attended outdoor swimming pools [49]. Several studies also indicate that young children who often visit indoor swimming pool facilities have a higher risk of developing respiratory problems such as asthma, increased lung epithelium permeability, recurrent bronchitis and allergy, later in childhood [50][51].…”

Section: Swimming Pool Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Airway Mucosal Inflammation : Proteomic Studies after Exposure to Irritants and Microbial Agents

Fornander¹

2015

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People are, in their daily lives, exposed to a number of airborne foreign compounds that do not normally affect the body. However, depending on the nature of these compounds, dose and duration of exposure, various airway symptoms may arise. Early symptoms are often manifested as upper airway mucosal inflammation which generates changes in protein composition in the airway lining fluid.This thesis aims at identifying, understanding mechanisms and characterizing protein alterations in the upper airway mucosa that can be used as potential new biomarkers for inflammation in the mucosa. The protein composition in the mucosa was studied by sampling of nasal lavage fluid that was further analyzed with a proteomic approach using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Additionally, by studying factors on site through environmental examination, health questionnaires and biological analyses, we have tried to understand the background to these protein alterations and their impact on health.Respiratory symptoms from the upper airways are common among people who are exposed to irritative and microbial agents. This thesis have focused on personnel in swimming pool facilities exposed to trichloramine, metal industry workers exposed to metalworking fluids, employees working in damp and moldy buildings and infants diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus infection. The common denominator in these four studies is that the subjects experience upper airway mucosal inflammation, which is manifested as cough, rhinitis, phlegm etc. In the three occupational studies, the symptoms were work related. Notably, a high prevalence of perceived mucosal symptoms was shown despite the relatively low levels of airborne irritants revealed by the environmental examination. Protein profiling verified an ongoing inflammatory response by identification of several proteins that displayed altered levels. Interestingly, innate immune proteins dominated and four protein alterations occurred in most of the studies; SPLUNC1, protein S100A8 and S100A9 and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Similarly, these proteins were also found in nasal fluid from children with virus infection and in addition a truncated form of SPLUNC1 and two other S100 proteins (S100A7-like 2 and S100A16), not previously found in nasal secretion, were identified.Altogether, the results indicate the potential use of a proteomic approach for identifying new biomarkers for the upper respiratory tract at an early stage in the disease process after exposure to irritant and microbial agents. The results indicate an effect on the innate immunity system and the proteins; SPLUNC1, protein S100A8 and S100A9 and alpha-1-antitrypsin are especially promising new biomarkers. Moreover, further studies of these proteins may help us to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in irritant-induced airway inflammation. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING FÖRÄNDRAD PROTEINSAMMANSÄTTNING I DE ÖVRE LUFTVÄGARNA EFTER EXPONERING FÖR SLEMHINNEIRRITERANDE ÄMNENVarje dag utsätts vi för partikla...

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Outdoor swimming pools and the risks of asthma and allergies during adolescence

Cited by 87 publications

References 31 publications

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Upper Airway Mucosal Inflammation : Proteomic Studies after Exposure to Irritants and Microbial Agents

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