Outdoor recreation planning: a comprehensive approach to understanding use interaction.

Abstract

Growing demands for outdoor recreation have led to increased levels of crowding, displacement, competition and antagonism among alternative recreational uses. Recreational activities interact with differing degrees of compatibility resulting in various outcomes. In this review, we critique the relevant literature on recreation conflict, use compatibility and additivity with a focus on the interaction that takes place among alternative recreational uses. Results suggest that the literature is replete with theoretical and empirical studies focused on recreational conflict, while more comprehensive interaction types remain less studied and, in general, lacking overarching conceptual and analytical approaches. Further, there exists a need to link comprehensive approaches that address recreational use interaction with empirical analyses and management-specific strategies that allow for proactive planned outcomes that are positive-sum. We forward an approach to recreation planning that focuses on managing for relative compatibilities that involves maximizing those uses thought to be complementary and supplementary, while segregating and/or regulating those uses that are competitive and antagonistic.

Cultural tourism and rural entrepreneurship: A case study of a Scandinavian literary festival

“…Strict maximization of profit subject to input costs is insufficient as a production management strategy for multi-functional outputs which require tempering of externalities. Compatibility of alternative recreational uses can be assessed with an additivity constraint as suggested by Clawson (1974), Bailey and Friedlaender (1982), Weitzman (1992) and Marcouiller, Scott, and Prey (2008). Of course, as non-priced inputs to tourism, there is typically not a mechanism to transfer actual market benefits of tourism to joint producers who, often, rely on government commodity subsidies, non-profit incentives and local pride as additional decision criteria to produce in a certain fashion.…”

Understanding Stakeholder’s Perceptions on Practice of Nature-Based Sports in A Portuguese Natural Park

“…(i) Conflicts in recreation: interaction between different users and crowding are some of the most studied aspects in outdoor recreation (Marcouiller et al, 2008;Vaske and Shelby, 2008). Models attempting to explain the conflicts have been developed over the past 30 years.…”