Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air pollution was recently designated a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This determination was based on the evidence regarding the relationship of PM 2.5 and PM 10 to lung cancer risk; however, the IARC evaluation did not include a quantitative summary of the evidence. oBjective: Our goal was to provide a systematic review and quantitative summary of the evidence regarding the relationship between PM and lung cancer. Methods: We conducted meta-analyses of studies examining the relationship of exposure to PM 2.5 and PM 10 with lung cancer incidence and mortality. In total, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria and provided the information necessary to estimate the change in lung cancer risk per 10-μg/m 3 increase in exposure to PM. We used random-effects analyses to allow between-study variability to contribute to meta-estimates. results: The meta-relative risk for lung cancer associated with PM 2.5 was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.14). The meta-relative risk of lung cancer associated with PM 10 was similar, but less precise: 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.17). Estimates were robust to restriction to studies that considered potential confounders, as well as subanalyses by exposure assessment method. Analyses by smoking status showed that lung cancer risk associated with PM 2.5 was greatest for former smokers [1.44 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.01)], followed by never-smokers [1.18 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.39)], and then current smokers

HTAP2 multi-model estimates of premature human mortality due to intercontinental transport of air pollution and emission sectors

“…Short-term exposure to O 3 is associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality (Bell et al, 2005(Bell et al, , 2014Gryparis et al, 2004;Ito et al, 2005;Levy et al, 2005;Stieb et al, 2009) while long-term exposure to O 3 has been associated with premature respiratory mortality Turner et al, 2016). Short-term exposure to PM 2.5 has been associated with increases in daily mortality rates from all natural causes, and specifically from respiratory and cardiovascular causes (Bell et al, 2014;Du et al, 2016;Powell et al, 2015;Pope et al, 2011), while long-term exposure to PM 2.5 can have detrimental chronic health effects, including premature mortality due to cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer (Brook et al, 2010;Burnett et al, 2014;Hamra et al, 2014;Krewski et al, 2009;Lepeule et al, 2012;Lim et al, 2012). The Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) estimated 254 000 deaths per year associated with ambient O 3 and 4.2 million associated with ambient PM 2.5 (Cohen et al, 2017).…”

Estimation of Gender-Specific Lung Cancer Deaths due to Exposure to PM2.5 in 10 Cities of Iran During 2013 - 2016: A Modeling Approach

“…Recent studies have proved the association between PM 2.5 and lung cancer (37,38). The urban concentrations of PM 2.5 2.5 concentrations in the world during 2012.…”

Modelling the health and economic impact of built environment interventions

“…They found a significant association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with long-term exposure to PM2.5, but no significant association was found for non-malignant respiratory disease mortality. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hamra and colleagues found an increase in risk of lung cancer of 9% (95% CI 4 to 14) per 10ug/m 3 increase in ambient PM2.5 (90). The WHO recently updated the meta-analyses conducted by Hoek et al, indicating an increase of 7% (95% CI 4 to 9), 10% (95 CI% 5 to 15 and 10% (95% CI -2 to 24) per 10ug/m 3 increase in ambient PM2.5 for all-cause, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortality, respectively (91).…”

“…We applied the cardiovascular RR to ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. We also incorporated lung cancer using the RR from a meta-analysis by Hamra et al (90). We calculated RRs compared to baseline exposure (305) to modify incidence rates of PM2.5 related diseases in the MSLT.…”