Outdoor mm-wave 5G/6G transmission with adaptive analog beamforming and IFoF fronthaul

Pérez Santacruz, Javier; Meyer, Elmine; Budé, Roel X. F.; Stan, Catalina; Jurado-Navas, Antonio; Johannsen, Ulf; Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso; Rommel, Simon

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40112-w

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This communication technology can be fulfilled using a phased array antenna (PAA), which provides multiple beams with high-speed and precise beam forming, beam steering in azimuth, and elevation plane over a wide angular coverage 6 , 7 . The mmWave beam forming technique using PAA is discussed in 8 – 10 . However, because of strict line-of-sight (LOS), prone to signal degradation due to natural obstructions like trees, buildings, and poor signal penetration capabilities in the mm-wave frequency band (FR2), researchers in academia and industry are focused on the realization of base station antenna in FR1 frequency band 11 , 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes

Barad,

Dash,

Sarkar

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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This manuscript proposes a dual-band dual-polarized 64-element phased array antenna (PAA) with suppressed higher order modes (HoMs). Each array element is a microstrip patch structure with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loading, allowing for simultaneous dual-band and dual-polarization performance at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz. The proposed PAA exhibits impedance matching of $$\le - 20$$ ≤ - 20 dB at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz while limiting the mutual coupling below $$- 19$$ - 19 dB between the adjacent elements at both the operating bands. The proposed design includes a plated through hole placed near the CSRR loading to suppress any higher-order modes (HOMs). Two antenna prototypes, without and with HOMs suppression techniques are fabricated and measured. In addition, we demonstrate the beam steering of the proposed PAA up to $$\pm 60^0$$ ± 60 0 using an off-the-shelf 6-bit phase shifter module. The proposed 64 -element array achieves a gain of 23 dBi, and shows a minimal steering loss of $$\simeq 3$$ ≃ 3 dB over the steering angle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes

Barad,

Dash,

Sarkar

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…The new generation 5G and 6G wireless systems are expected to be used in many civil, commercial, and military areas such as massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) [5], [6], autonomous driving [7], satellite systems [3], internet of things (IoT) [4], anti-jamming, and antispoofing [8]. With the latest developments in phased array antenna technology, beamforming is intended to be one of the key techniques for the next generation wireless systems [1], [2], [9]. Beamforming techniques direct the pattern of the antenna array in the desired direction by varying the phase of each antenna element, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compensating for high path losses, distinguishing users, and canceling interference to improve signal quality [2], [9], [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the latest developments in phased array antenna technology, beamforming is intended to be one of the key techniques for the next generation wireless systems [1], [2], [9]. Beamforming techniques direct the pattern of the antenna array in the desired direction by varying the phase of each antenna element, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compensating for high path losses, distinguishing users, and canceling interference to improve signal quality [2], [9], [10]. Depending on the application, beamforming system architectures can be active, hybrid or fully digital [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mutual Coupling-Based Full Self-Online Calibration Method for Antenna Arrays in Uplink

Zorkun,

Salas-Natera,

Pinto

et al. 2024

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

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This paper proposes a mutual coupling based self-calibration method for transmit mode large scale antenna arrays. In accord with the proposed active antenna array model, gain/phase uncertainties, antenna element position errors and mutual coupling effects are reduced to an error matrix. The expansion of equations of the proposed calibration method are presented. The proposed calibration procedure is capable of compensating the error matrix while the system is operating and is suitable for off-line, on-site and online calibration procedures. The calibration procedure relies on the measurements of the error signal related to scan reflection coefficient while the system is operating, and the premeasured inter-element couplings. The calibration system takes pre-measured couplings, the geometry of the antenna array, the antenna weights and pointing direction as input, then, during the operation it combines input with the measured feedback signals to construct an array manifold. The coefficients of the error matrix are later estimated from the array manifold. The antenna weights are compensated by direct inversion of the estimated error matrix which involves division operator, yielding possible inaccurate coefficient estimation in hardware. Therefore, a globally convergent generalized inverse matrix approximation method is adopted. Simulation results with worst case errors and a simple experimental study are presented. The results show that with the proposed method, accurate calibration can be made with couplings only in the first and second order neighbors of an antenna element.INDEX TERMS Active antenna array, inverse matrix approximation, mutual coupling effect, self-calibration, up-link antenna arrays.

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Unveiling the 5G Frontier: Navigating Challenges, Applications, and Measurements in Channel Models and Implementations

Shoaib,

Husnain,

Sayed

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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In the epoch of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication, this survey article illuminates the nuanced landscape of 5G Channel Measurements and Models. It meticulously navigates the challenges, methodologies, and practical implications that define the implementation of this groundbreaking technology. Embarking on the exploration, the article unravels the Challenges in 5G Implementation, addressing technological hurdles and standardized protocols pivotal for seamless integration. Unveiling the Existing Methods and Technologies, it highlights Massive MIMO, millimeter-wave communications, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) as transformative elements shaping high-capacity wireless communication. Beyond the technical intricacies, the article delves into the Diverse Applications and Use Cases of 5G, promising a paradigm shift from the Internet of Things (IoT) to mission-critical communications. Frequency Considerations and Channel Bands take center stage, dissecting the critical spectrum domain and exploring high-frequency millimeter-wave bands for enhanced data rates. Addressing concerns, the survey scrutinizes Health Concerns and Regulatory Considerations, presenting a balanced perspective on the impact of 5G networks on health and regulatory landscapes. The Benefits Over 4G and LTE drive the transition, with enhanced data rates, lower latency, and massive device connectivity distinguishing 5G. The environmental impact is considered in Energy Efficiency in 5G Networks, exploring strategies and innovations for making 5G networks more energy-efficient. Global Standards and Interoperability become imperative for 5G's global potential, examining ongoing efforts by standardization bodies for a unified framework. The exploration extends to the realm of 5G Channel Measurements and Models, dissecting Massive MIMO Channel Measurements, Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurements, Beamforming, Antenna Array Configurations, Time-Variant, and Time-Invariant Channel Measurements, Channel Modeling, and Measurement Tools and Techniques. Critically addressing Challenges in 5G Channel Measurements and Models, the article explores limitations and proposes avenues for future research. This survey article serves as a definitive compendium on 5G Channel Measurements and Models, unraveling the complexities, challenges, and opportunities inherent in the deployment of this transformative technology. Its holistic examination provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and industry stakeholders navigating the dynamic landscape of 5G wireless communication.

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Outdoor mm-wave 5G/6G transmission with adaptive analog beamforming and IFoF fronthaul

Cited by 7 publications

References 38 publications

Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes

Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes

A Mutual Coupling-Based Full Self-Online Calibration Method for Antenna Arrays in Uplink

Unveiling the 5G Frontier: Navigating Challenges, Applications, and Measurements in Channel Models and Implementations

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