“…In general, self-efficacy beliefs are concerned with what people believe they can do with their skills and abilities amid uncertain conditions, ambiguous information, or unpredictable circumstances (Maddux & Gosselin, 2003); these conditions are analogous to the settings in which outdoor education often occurs (Martin, Cashel, Wagstaff, & Breunig, 2004). Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2007) explain teacher self-efficacy can direct teacher behaviors and also emphasize, “[self-efficacy] is based on a self-perception of competence rather than actual level of competence” (p. 946).…”