“…With regard to modality, pooled findings indicate that studies targeting the nonoffending parent (mother) had the highest pooled effect size (SMD = −0.38, 95% CI [−0.62 to −0.14], p < .01), followed by those that Graham-Bermann, Pernebo et al, 2018;Sullivan, Bybee, & Allen, 2002) or joint (Foshee et al, 2015;Waldman-Levi & Weintraub, 2009;Smith, Belton, Barnard, Fisher, & Taylor, 2015) programming. Three additional studies evaluated interventions delivered to children only (Kot, 1995;Smith & Landreth, 2003;Tyndall-Lind, Landreth, & Giordano, 2001;Wagar & Rodway, 1995).…”