Outcomes of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults With End-Stage Kidney Disease: Retrospective Study Based on a National Database

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United States has steadily increased over the past few decades. End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are among the most common chronic and acute complications of DM. Guidance on the management of DKA in ESKD is limited by lack of evidence. We investigated the in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized for DKA with underlying ESKD. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study and utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2018. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10 CM) codes were used to identify adults (>18 yrs) diagnosed with DM and ESKD. We compared patients with DKA and ESKD to patients who had DKA with preserved renal function. The primary outcomes were rates of in-hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation. Results:Out of 538,135 patients, 18,685 (3.74%) represented DKA patients with ESKD, and 519,450 (96.53%) represented DKA patients with preserved renal function. DKA with concomitant ESKD was more prevalent in a relatively older population (age>30 yrs) with female predominance (52.4%) (p<0.001). The mean age of males and females in the ESKD group was 46.2 (SD 12.7) and 43.7 (SD 13.6) years respectively. African American race and low socioeconomic status had a higher burden of ESKD. In-hospital mortality rate (adjusted OR= 1.12, p=0.56) and need for mechanical ventilation (adjusted OR= 1.11, p=0.25) did not differ significantly in the two groups but adjusted mean total hospitalization charge ($14,882) and mean length of stay (0.87) at the hospital were significantly higher in patients with DKA and ESRD than in those with preserved renal function. Conclusion: DKA is associated with short-term morbidity, increased length of stay, and cost of hospitalization. There is a dearth of evidence-based guidance regarding DKA management in CKD and ESRD. Further studies looking into measures in the management of DKA in ESRD will help develop guidelines in management, decreasing morbidity, and cost of hospitalization.