Outcomes and management of pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcal infections: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is one of the most lethal bacterial pathogens of humans, with increased risk of progression to septic shock and multiorgan failure in the pregnant population. The objective of this study is to systematically review the outcomes and management strategies for pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infections in an effort to provide further guidance for prevention and treatment of a rare but lethal infection worldwide. Material and methods A comprehensive search using puerperium and streptococcus pyogenes terms was completed across several registered databases. A total of 902 articles investigating pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infection were identified, with 40 studies fulfilling inclusion criteria of original research articles in humans published from 1990 onwards reporting four or more unique cases of group A streptococcus in pregnancy or postpartum. This study was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020198983. Results A total of 1160 patients with pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcus infection were identified. Most infections occurred postpartum (91.9%), with 4.7% reported antepartum and 0.6% intrapartum. Bacteremia was present in 49.0% of patients and endometritis in 45.9%. Puerperal sepsis was described in 28.2% of cases and progressed to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in one‐third of such cases. Overall, the case fatality ratio was 2.0%, with one‐third of the deaths from antenatal cases including 3/22 (13.6%) cases of septic abortion and 10/46 (21.7%) antenatal cases of group A streptococcus infection. Conclusions Group A streptococcus infection remains an important contributor to pregnancy and puerperal morbidity and mortality. Early recognition, diagnosis and aggressive management are important for favorable outcomes given the serious risk of sepsis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.

Group A Streptococcus Infection in Neonatal Population: A Systematic Review of The Literature

“…The overwhelming nature and presentation of the disease and the simultaneous maternal factors indicate that the early onset of the neonatal GAS disease could be a manifestation of hematogenous dispersion or of a clinical syndrome caused by the exposure of the fetus to the microbial toxins while in utero. This suggestion is further supported by data documenting a high rate of fetal mortality among the cases of maternal iGAS disease with a prenatal onset [40][41][42]. The findings from our review are similar to the findings of the review run by Miyairi et al [13] and highlight the crucial role of vertical transmission in the pathophysiology of the disease and the invasive nature of GAS disease, especially in cases of early perinatal infection.…”