Outcome of Low Birthweight

Abstract

Babies who are small at birth and during infancy are now known to be at an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes during adult life. This has led to the suggestion that these diseases are ‘programmed’ by an inadequate supply of nutrients or oxygen in utero or immediately after birth. The phenomenon of ‘programming’, whereby undernutrition in early life permanently changes body structure and function, is well documented in animals. As yet we know little about cellular and molecular changes which underlie it, but persisting changes in the secretion of hormones or in the sensitivity of tissues to them may be important in determining adult disease.

Long-term effect of in vitro culture of mouse embryos with serum on mRNA expression of imprinting genes, development, and behavior

“…Although several national and international registers on the outcome of IVF have been in use for many years, they do not allow detailed studies on postnatal health on the children and adults. In human IVF, no large-organ syndrome has been reported; on the contrary, several studies have shown lower birth weights of babies conceived after IVF (45), and a clear relationship between low birth-weight and cardiovascular disease (hypertension, cardiac disease, and stroke), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis in middle age has been reported (46). One of the most widely used supplements for in vitro culture of bovine embryos is serum.…”

The monitoring of bovine pregnancies derived from transfer of in vitro produced embryos

“…Observations and data connecting (pathophysiological) events during (early) pregnancy and parturition with the morbidity and performance of calves at later life are not routinely available. However, such an approach appears to be more relevant keeping in mind the recently pronounced concept [1][2][3]45] that several diseases encountered during adult life might have their origin during the period of foetal development. The same might be true for physical performance and (re)production in domestic species [37,39,40,48].…”

Association of maternal short stature with stunting in Mexican children: common genes vs common environment

“…Guarantor: S Herna Ândez-Dõ Âaz. Contributors: SH-D was lead author responsible for formulating the research questions and analytic strategy, conducting the analysis, and writing the manuscript; KEP worked in close collabortion with the ®rst author in de®ning the hypothesis, interpreting the results and writing the manuscript; SD worked with the ®rst author from the early stages of the project, contributing to the hypothesis de®nition and to the analysis plan; BH participated substantially in the interpretation of the results in the preparation of the manuscript; SP provided input in writing and through group discussion at the analysis and interpretation stages; SB contributed substantially to the interpretation of ®ndings in the context of the literature on nutrition transition and intergenerational patterns; JS was responsible for the design, conduct and overall supervision of research emanating from the 1988 Mexican National Nutritional Survey, in coordination with JAR; JAR contributed substantially to the design and analytic strategy as well as interpretation of ®ndings in the context of the literature on nutrition transition and intergenerational patterns.development of her pregnancy-related anatomical systems (Kramer, 1987;Kramer et al, 1990;Gonzalez-Cossio et al, 1998;World Health Organization, 1995b;Ramakrishnan et al, 1999), and metabolic mechanisms like maternal circulating glucose levels (Lowy, 1994;Barker, 1994). Infants with LBW in turn are at risk for poor growth during childhood (World Health Organization, 1992;Gayle et al, 1987;Binkin et al, 1988) and may become small mothers (Falkner et al, 1994).…”