Outcome Measure of Pain in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: Validation Study of the Iranian version of Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire

Abstract

Study DesignCross-sectional.PurposeTo translate and culturally adapt an Iranian version of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) in Iran.Overview of LiteratureInstruments measuring patient reported outcomes should satisfy certain psychometric properties.MethodsThe PSQ was translated following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. A total of 101 patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH), and 39 healthy cases were included in the study. All participants completed the PSQ and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, known group comparison, criterion validity and item-scale correlations were assessed.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 51.7 years. Reliability, validity and correlation of PSQ and PCS showed satisfactory results. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.81 for PSQ-total, 0.82 for PSQ-minor, and 0.82 for PSQ-moderate. The intraclass correlation coefficients value was 0.84 (0.616–0.932) indicating an excellent test-retest reliability. The instrument discriminated well between sub-groups of patients who differed in a standard predictive measure of LDH surgery (the Finneson–Cooper score). Total PSQ were also significantly correlated with the total scores of the PCS, lending support to its good convergent validity. Additionally, the correlation of each item with its hypothesized domain on the PSQ indicated acceptable results, suggesting that the items had a substantial relationship with their own domains.ConclusionsThe adapted Iranian PSQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for the assessment of pain in patients with LDH.

Cut-Off Value for Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in Predicting Surgical Success in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation

“…The total PSQ score could be calculated as the mean of all items, excluding the 3 non-painful items. [ S1 Appendix ] [ 4 – 5 ].…”

“…It has been developed as a simple and economical alternative to more time-consuming experimental testing methods that involve expensive equipment [ 4 ]. It has been validated as an outcome measure in LDH, [ 5 ] and in chronic pain and degenerative spinal disease [ 6 – 7 ]. In addition, the PSQ used to predict surgical outcomes for lumbar spinal stenosis [ 8 ].…”

Adaptation transculturelle et validation française du questionnaire de sensibilité à la douleur (Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire)

“…Version française du pain sensitivity questionnaire 1209 12,13 En termes de validité convergente, l'étude originale sur sujets sains rapporte une corrélation des trois scores du PSQ avec le catastrophisme, ainsi que du score mineur avec l'état anxieux et la dépression. 9 L'étude chinoise, dont l'échantillon comportait un taux élevé de personnes jeunes et éduquées, retrouvait une corrélation avec le PCS, quoique plus faible, une corrélation faible et inconstante avec l'anxiété, et pas de corrélation avec la dépression.…”

“…9 Il pourrait être utile en recherche clinique (stratification lors d'essais d'analgésiques, physiopathologie…) mais aussi en clinique courante, intégré à la construction de scores de risque de douleur postopératoire. 10 Originellement construit en langue allemande, le PSQ a fait l'objet de traductions validées, [11][12][13][14] 20,21 toutes deux validées en langue française. Si possible, les patients étaient revus peu avant l'intervention pour renseigner une seconde fois le PSQ-F afin d'évaluer sa reproductibilité par test-retest, puis contactés entre le deuxième et le troisième jour après l'intervention (ou l'accouchement), pour répondre à la question « D'une façon générale, quelle est votre satisfaction vis-à-vis de la prise en charge de la douleur par rapport à votre opération ou votre accouchement ?…”

Structural Consistency of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) Population-Based Study

“…The PSQ has been used in different clinical and population-based settings 16,[22][23][24][25][26][27]37,39,43 and is available in several languages. 3,23,27,32,43,48 The PSQ showed good test-retest reliability in healthy volunteers 38 and clinical samples with degenerative spinal disease. 23 PSQ-derived scores had moderate to good correlations with experimental pain testing in healthy young adults 38 and, outside the site of clinical pain, in patients with mixed chronic pain conditions.…”