Outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis in juvenile and adult farmed Atlantic cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i> L<i>.</i>, in Norway

Hellberg, Hege; Kvellestad, Agnar; Dannevig, Birgit H.; Modahl, Ingebjørg; Haldorsen, R N; Vik-Mo, Frode Todnem; Ottesen, K; Sætre, E M; Sindre, Hilde

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01092.x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The fact that LG-1 supported the growth of a betanodavirus field isolate from Norwegian halibut indicates that gill cells from lumpfish express surface proteins that mediate nodavirus infection. In Norway, this virus has already been detected in connection with disease in farmed cod, halibut and turbot [ 30 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The introduction of nodavirus into lumpfish farms may be of concern, as the virus is known to cause persistent infections and disease in susceptible species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

Sindre

Gjessing

Hol

et al. 2021

Cells

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The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) as a cleaner fish to fight sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon has become increasingly common. Still, tools to increase our knowledge about lumpfish biology are lacking. Here, we successfully established and characterized the first Lumpfish Gill cell line (LG-1). LG-1 are adherent, homogenous and have a flat, stretched-out and almost transparent appearance. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cellular protrusions and desmosome-like structures that, together with their ability to generate a transcellular epithelial/endothelial resistance, suggest an epithelial or endothelial cell type. Furthermore, the cells exert Cytochrome P450 1A activity. LG-1 supported the propagation of several viruses that may lead to severe infectious diseases with high mortalities in fish farming, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Altogether, our data indicate that the LG-1 cell line originates from an epithelial or endothelial cell type and will be a valuable in vitro research tool to study gill cell function as well as host-pathogen interactions in lumpfish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

Sindre

Gjessing

Hol

et al. 2021

Cells

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“…In Norway VNN is a notifiable list 3 disease and outbreaks have been registered in farmed Atlantic halibut (Grotmol et al, 1997), turbot (Johansen et al, 2004b) and recently in farmed Atlantic cod (Hellberg et al, 2010b;Patel et al, 2007). In the period 2006-2009 there were a total of 13 and 4 outbreaks of VNN registered in Norway in farmed cod and halibut, respectively (Bornø et al, 2010;Johansen et al, 2009b).…”

Section: Nodavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway

Johansen¹,

Jensen²,

Mikkelsen³

et al. 2011

Aquaculture

164

121

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“…Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease is caused by betanodavirus (NV) in many marine fish species globally, 129 including Atlantic cod. 130 Few reports of VNN outbreaks have been reported in farmed marine finfish species such as Atlantic cod, 130,131 Atlantic halibut 132 and turbot. 133 NV infection particularly affects the larval or juvenile stages of fish, in which mortality may be very high.…”

Section: Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of cod farming in Norway: Past and current biological and market status and future prospects and directions

Puvanendran

Mortensen

Johansen

et al. 2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Atlantic cod is a historically abundant species in the North Atlantic region and has contributed to the prosperity of many nations. But a decline in stocks in the last century has prompted to initiate commercial farming of cod in captive conditions. Several approaches have been employed ranging from stock enhancement, capture‐based aquaculture and intensive cod farming. However, except for the enhancement efforts which were carried out for almost a century, efforts on other methods were intermittent coinciding with lower quotas. Intensive farming was attempted in Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada, Iceland and Faroe Islands in the 2000s. But it was carried out hastily to cash in the demand for cod in the market even though there were many biological knowledge gaps that are required for a successful aquaculture venture. The reasons for the failure of commercial farming in Norway during the 2000s were not only because of limited knowledge of the biology of cod but also the economic meltdown in Europe in 2008. Cod farming came to a halt; however, the Norwegian National Cod Breeding Program (NCBP) initiated in 2003 continued to operate and produced a fifth generation of a domesticated cod in 2019. Efforts to fill the gaps and the selective breeding for better growth and disease resistance within NCBP have improved the quality of the juveniles produced. We will discuss the past efforts and reasons for failure in farming of cod, how the current situation looks and the future direction in terms of cod biology, political atmosphere and market.

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Outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis in juvenile and adult farmed Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in Norway

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway

Development of cod farming in Norway: Past and current biological and market status and future prospects and directions

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