Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked 
tomatoes: implications for public health

Hedberg, Craig W.; Angulo, Frederick J.; White, Karen E.; Langkop, Carl; Schell, W; Stobierski, Mary Grace; Schuchat, Anne; Besser, John M.; Dietrich, Stephen E.; Helsel, Leta O.; Griffin, Patricia M.; McFarland, Jeffrey; Osterholm, M. T.

doi:10.1017/s0950268899002393

Cited by 182 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This concern is directed to Salmonella spp. (24,27,40,47,49) and E. coli O157:H7, because cattle is its main reservoir, explaining the risk of transmission by manure (22,34,43,50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiological quality of organic vegetables produced in soil treated with different types of manure and mineral fertilizer

Machado

Maia

Carvalho

et al. 2006

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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An attempt was made to evaluate microbiological quality of horticultural crops grown organically. Three species of vegetables were used, lettuce (Lactuva sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus) and spinach (Tetragonia expansa), grown organically, in fertile soil. Six different treatments were applied: mineral fertilizer, chicken, cow, and pig manure, chicken litter and cow manure, in association with a liquid foliar biofertilizer. These crops were handled according to correct agronomic practices for growing crops organically for commercial purposes. Samples were examined for the Most Probable Number (MPN/g/mL) of total and fecal coliforms and to detect the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. All analyzed samples were considered acceptable for consumption, as Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, 63.3%, 50.0%, and 23.3% of the samples of lettuce, radish and spinach, respectively, contained ≥10 2 total coliforms/g of product. None of the samples of spinach or radish presented ≥10 2 fecal coliforms/g, and only 6.6% of lettuce samples contained >10 2 fecal coliforms/g. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in one sample of spinach, cultivated with cow manure.

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“…This concern is directed to Salmonella spp. (24,27,40,47,49) and E. coli O157:H7, because cattle is its main reservoir, explaining the risk of transmission by manure (22,34,43,50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing consumption of raw foods of vegetable origin gains importance, as they are an important source of vitamins, fiber, and minerals (7,32,41). Meanwhile, their harvesting, distribution, and commercialization brought to light a microbiological risk associated with these products (5,6,9,27). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological quality of organic vegetables produced in soil treated with different types of manure and mineral fertilizer

Machado

Maia

Carvalho

et al. 2006

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…Such conditions have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with the consumption of produce (6,13) and have lead to increased emphasis on good agricultural practices and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) systems to reduce the risk of produce contamination and pathogen growth (2,24). However, the design of HACCP plans is limited by inadequate information about the effects of commercially relevant storage conditions on the survival and growth of Salmonella.…”

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confidence: 99%

Colonization of Tomatoes by Salmonella Montevideo Is Affected by Relative Humidity and Storage Temperature

Hernández‐Iturriaga

Tamplin

Escartín

2007

Journal of Food Protection

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The influences of the relative humidity (RH) and storage temperature on the colonization of tomato surfaces by Salmonella Montevideo were studied. Red, ripe tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) were spot inoculated in three separate trials with 100 l (approximately 10 6 CFU) of Salmonella Montevideo and stored for 90 min at 22ЊC under 97% RH to facilitate attachment of cells to the blossom end of tomato surfaces. Following this attachment step, tomatoes were washed to remove loosely adhered cells and then stored at 22 or 30ЊC for up to 10 days under RH of 60, 75, 85, or 97%. At 0, 0.4, 1, 4, 7, and 10 days of storage, three tomatoes were individually hand massaged in 50 ml of 0.1% peptone water and the washes were separately analyzed to enumerate populations of Salmonella Montevideo. The number of Salmonella Montevideo cells attached after 90 min at 22ЊC was 3.8 log CFU per tomato; this level was determined to be the initial colonizing population. After 10 days of storage at 30ЊC, the Salmonella Montevideo population increased to 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, and 2.2 log CFU per tomato at 60, 75, 85, and 97% RH, respectively. A similar trend was observed at 22ЊC, although populations were lower than at 30ЊC. Scanning electron micrographs of tomato cuticles after storage revealed a well-defined biofilm containing bacteria. These findings reinforce the importance of maintaining stored tomatoes at temperatures that do not support growth of pathogenic bacteria and demonstrate the growth-promoting effects of high humidity.

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“…Fresh tomatoes themselves have been associated with salmonella outbreaks previously [17], but the tomatoes used by the manufacturers of the semi-dried tomato products linked to cases in our investigation were from different distributors and originated from different local growers. Fresh garlic is the only ingredient of the semi-dried tomatoes that was from a common source and for which we do not have to hypothesize that there was more than one contamination event from a rare serovar within Australia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Fresh garlic: a possible vehicle for Salmonella Virchow

Bennett¹,

Dalton

Beers-Deeble³

et al. 2003

Epidemiol. Infect.

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The right to post the definitive version of the contribution as published at Cambridge Journals Online (in PDF or HTML form) in the Institutional Repository of the institution in which they worked at the time the paper was first submitted, or (for appropriate journals) in PubMed Central or UK PubMed Central, no sooner than one year after first publication of the paper in the journal, subject to file availability and provided the posting includes a prominent statement of the full bibliographical details, a copyright notice in the name of the copyright holder (Cambridge University Press or the sponsoring Society, as appropriate), and a link to the online edition of the journal at Cambridge Journals Online. Inclusion of this definitive version after one year in Institutional Repositories outside of the institution in which the contributor worked at the time the paper was first submitted will be subject to the additional permission of Cambridge University Press (not to be unreasonably withheld). th December 2010Fresh garlic: a possible vehicle for Salmonella Virchow SUMMARYA sustained increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow notifications in South Eastern Australia between September 1997 and May 1998 instigated a case-control study and environmental investigations. Cases were defined as having locally acquired culture-confirmed S. Virchow phage-type 8 infection and diarrhoeal disease. Matched controls were selected by progressive digit dialling based on cases' telephone numbers. An exposure and food history questionnaire was administered by telephone. Phage typing and pulse field gel electrophoresis were performed on case and environmental isolates. Thirty-two notifications of S. Virchow infection met the case definition, 37% reported bloody diarrhoea and S. Virchow was isolated from blood in 13% of cases. Twelve patients were admitted to hospital and one died. Fresh garlic (OR 4 . 1, 95% CI 1 . 3-12 . 8) and semi-dried tomatoes (OR 12 . 6, 95 % CI 1 . 5-103 . 1) were associated with these cases. The associations remained significant after adjusting for sex and age. S. Virchow (PT 8) was cultured from two brands of semi-dried tomatoes associated with cases in two different states. We provide sufficient evidence for semi-dried tomatoes and fresh garlic to be considered as potential risk foods in future Salmonella outbreak investigations.

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Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health

Cited by 182 publications

References 14 publications

Microbiological quality of organic vegetables produced in soil treated with different types of manure and mineral fertilizer

Microbiological quality of organic vegetables produced in soil treated with different types of manure and mineral fertilizer

Colonization of Tomatoes by Salmonella Montevideo Is Affected by Relative Humidity and Storage Temperature

Fresh garlic: a possible vehicle for Salmonella Virchow

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