Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis.

Hedberg, Craig W.; Osterholm, M. T.

doi:10.1128/cmr.6.3.199-210.1993

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Group A RVs have been implicated in waterborne and foodborne outbreaks, but they seem to be less involved than NoVs (Hopkins et al 1984;Hedberg and Osterholm 1993;Fletcher et al 2001). Moreover, the presence of rotaviruses in sewage and river water has been shown (Villena et al 2003;van Zyl et al 2006;Rodriguez-Diaz et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo

Kamel

Ali

Elnady³

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: To characterize major enteric viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in the sewage of Greater Cairo and to compare the results with clinical data collected during the same period. Methods and Results: Seventy‐two sewage samples from two waste water treatment plants were collected from April 2006 through February 2007. Enteroviruses, noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs) were detected by RT‐PCR in 22%, 18% and 8·3% of the samples, respectively. No adenovirus and astrovirus was detected. G2P[8], G9P[8], G1P[8], G2P[4] and rare G12 RV isolates were detected in the environment as well as a bovine RV. The environmental NoV strains mostly belonged to genogroup I (84%). Rotaviruses and some of the NoVs were similar to those found in the clinical samples at the same time. Conclusions: The comparison of environmental and clinical data suggests that similar RV and NoV isolates were circulating in the environment and in the population during the same period. Significance and Impact of the Study: Few studies have investigated the prevalence and the epidemiology of RVs and NoVs in Cairo. This work is the first to establish a correlation between viral gastroenteritis and the concomitant presence of enteric viruses in the environment for Greater Cairo where combined environmental and clinical surveys should help to prevent infections caused by these major pathogens.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo

Kamel

Ali

Elnady³

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many countries have routine reporting systems for detecting foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of infection. However, in routine practice it is not easy to detect an increase in clinical cases and to link this increase to waterborne transmission; thus waterborne outbreaks are often unrecognised and underestimated [2]. Microbiological examination of water is more complex than examination of stools, and there is often a failure to detect pathogens in water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, France, 2000

Gallay

Valk

Cournot³

et al. 2006

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A large waterborne outbreak of infection that occurred during August 2000 in a local community in France was investigated initially via a rapid survey of visits to local physicians. A retrospective cohort study was then conducted on a random cluster sample of residents. Of 709 residents interviewed, 202 (28.5%) were definite cases (at least three liquid stools/day or vomiting) and 62 (8.7%) were probable cases (less than three liquid stools/day or abdominal pain). Those who had drunk tap water had a three-fold increased risk for illness (95% CI 2.4-4.0). The risk increased with the amount of water consumed (chi-square trend: p < 0.0001). Bacteriological analyses of stools were performed for 35 patients and virological analyses for 24 patients. Campylobacter coli, group A rotavirus and norovirus were detected in 31.5%, 71.0% and 21% of samples, respectively. An extensive environmental investigation concluded that a groundwater source to this community had probably been contaminated by agricultural run-off, and a failure in the chlorination system was identified. This is the first documented waterborne outbreak of infection involving human C. coli infections. A better understanding of the factors influencing campylobacter transmission between hosts is required.

show abstract

“…In the absence of virus detection assays, a tentative diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis can be made based on epidemiological criteria described by Kaplan et al [20]. Characteristic features are: acute onset after a 24^36-h incubation period, vomiting and/or diarrhea lasting a few days, a high attack rate (average 45%), and a high number of secondary cases [20,21]. Using this de¢nition, an estimated 32^42% of foodborne enteric infections in the USA are caused by viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative importance of the di¡erent viruses as causes of food-and waterborne infections is not exactly known, but clearly NLV are the main cause of viral outbreaks [5,20,21,27], and their incidence reportedly has been in- The name Aichivirus has been given to (di¡erent) viruses in the calicivirus family and in the picornavirus family.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foodborne viruses

Koopmans¹

2002

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. This increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. As a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. Although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), suggesting that these viruses are associated with the greatest risk of foodborne transmission. NLV and HAV can be transmitted from person to person, or indirectly via food, water, or fomites contaminated with virus-containing feces or vomit. People can be infected without showing symptoms. The high frequency of secondary cases of NLV illness and - to a lesser extent - of hepatitis A following a foodborne outbreak results in amplification of the problem. The burden of illness is highest in the elderly, and therefore is likely to increase due to the aging population. For HAV, the burden of illness may increase following hygienic control measures, due to a decreasing population of naturally immune individuals and a concurrent increase in the population at risk. Recent advances in the research of NLV and HAV have led to the development of molecular methods which can be used for molecular tracing of virus strains. These methods can be and have been used for the detection of common source outbreaks. While traditionally certain foods have been implicated in virus outbreaks, it is clear that almost any food item can be involved, provided it has been handled by an infected person. There are no established methods for detection of viruses in foods other than shellfish. Little information is available on disinfection and preventive measures specifically for these viruses. Studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of culture systems. As currently available routine monitoring systems exclusively focus on bacterial pathogens, efforts should be made to combine epidemiological and virological information for a combined laboratory-based rapid detection system for foodborne viruses. With better surveillance, including typing information, outbreaks of foodborne infections could be reported faster to prevent further spread.

show abstract

Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis.

Cited by 12 publications

References 77 publications

Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo

Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo

A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, France, 2000

Foodborne viruses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About