Outbreaks in Quebec Pig Farms of Respiratory and Reproductive Problems Associated with Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Dea, S.; Bilodeau, Robert; Sauvageau, R.; Martineau, G. P.

doi:10.1177/104063879100300401

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Encephalomyocarditis virus is present in Canada, but the disease usually affects preweaning pigs, and lesions are often present in the myocardium, with pigs dying suddenly of heart failure. 4 Myocardial lesions were not observed in the pigs from the outbreaks in the present study. Although rare, rabies has been described in pigs in Canada.…”

mentioning

confidence: 41%

Porcine Teschovirus Polioencephalomyelitis in Western Canada

Salles

Scholes²,

Dauber

et al. 2011

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Beginning in 2002, a small number of pig farms in western Canada began reporting 4-7-weekold pigs with bilateral hind-end paresis or paralysis. Low numbers of pigs were affected, some died, most had to be euthanized, and those that survived had reduced weight gains and neurological deficits. Necropsies revealed no gross lesions, but microscopic lesions consisted of a nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis, most severe in the brain stem and spinal cord. The lesions were most consistent with a viral infection. Tests for circovirus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, coronavirus, Rabies virus, and Pseudorabies virus were negative. Using immunohistochemistry, virus neutralization, fluorescent antibody test, and nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Porcine teschovirus was identified in tissues from affected individuals. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of teschovirus encephalitis in western Canada and the first reported case of polioencephalomyelitis in pigs in Canada, where teschovirus was confirmed as the cause.

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mentioning

confidence: 41%

Porcine Teschovirus Polioencephalomyelitis in Western Canada

Salles

Scholes²,

Dauber

et al. 2011

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…EMCV has been isolated from dozens of different species, and antibodies against it have been found in even more, although infection is often silent (Tesh and Wallace 1978). Fatal outbreaks of EMCV-associated encephalitis and myocarditis have been reported in populations of swine, nonhuman primates, elephants, and other mammals, most typically in the captive setting of farms and zoos (Murnane et al 1960, Gainer et al 1968, Acland and Littlejohns 1975, Dea et al 1991, Zimmerman et al 1991, Hubbard et al 1992, Grobler et al 1995. The process of transmission is not well understood, but rodents are considered the natural reservoir for EMCV and the route of transmission is thought to be fecaloral (Tesh and Wallace 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Peru

Czechowicz

Huaman

Forshey

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Although encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection has been commonly documented among domestic animals, less is known about EMCV transmission among humans. Recently, we described the isolation of EMCV from two febrile patients in Peru. To further investigate EMCV transmission in Peru, we screened febrile patients reporting to health clinics in Peru for serological evidence of recent EMCV infection. We also conducted a serological survey for EMCV-neutralizing antibodies in the city of Iquitos, located in the Amazon basin department of Loreto, Peru. Additionally, we screened serum from rodents collected from 10 departments in Peru for evidence of EMCV exposure. EMCV infection was found to be only rarely associated with acute febrile disease in Peru, accounting for <1% of febrile episodes analyzed. Despite the low acute disease burden associated with the virus, human exposure was quite common, as prevalence of EMCV-neutralizing antibodies ranged between 6.0% in the coastal city of Tumbes and >17% in cities in the tropical rainforest of northeastern Peru (Iquitos and Yurimaguas). On the basis of the serological survey conducted in Iquitos, risk factors for past infection include increased age, socioeconomic indicators such as residence construction materials and neighborhood, and swine ownership. Evidence from the rodent survey indicates that EMCV exposure is common among Murinae subfamily rodents in Peru (9.4% EMCV IgG positive), but less common among Sigmodontinae rodents (1.0% positive). Further studies are necessary to more precisely delineate the mode of EMCV transmission to humans, other potential disease manifestations, and the economic impact of EMCV transmission among swine in Peru.

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“…Tissue specimens from naturally or experimentally infected piglets were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and paraffin sections (5 µn thick) were routinely processed for the hematoxylin-phloxin-safran (HPS) staining method, as described previously. 7 Indirect embryonating hens' eggs (Table 1). Four of the isolates were recovered from farms that were experiencing exoften developed secondary bacterial skin infections, plosive outbreaks of classical influenza disease in pigs of all age groups, including adults.…”

Section: 9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic Variant of Swine Influenza Virus Causing Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia in Pigs

et al. 1992

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Abstract.A new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in Quebec. Pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. Coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. Histopathologic findings were mainly proliferative pneumonia with a significant macrophage invasion, necrotic inflammatory cells in the alveoli and the airways, a marked proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and thickening of the alveolar septae. Fluorescent antibody examination of lungs of sick piglets did not demonstrate porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. However, evidence of the presence of an influenza type A infection was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining using monoclonal antibody directed to nucleocapsid protein (NP) of human type A influenza virus. The virus was isolated either by intra-allantoic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free embryonating hens' eggs or propagation in canine kidney (MDCK) cells in the presence of trypsin. By hemagglutination inhibition tests, no cross-reactivity was demonstrated with human influenza H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains, and infected MDCK cells did not react by IIF with monoclonal antibodies to NP protein of type B influenza virus. The hemagglutination activity of plaque-purified isolates was only partly inhibited by hyperimmune serum produced to subtypes A/Wisconsin/76/H1N1 and A/New Jersey/76/H1N1 of swine influenza virus. Gnotobiotic piglets that were infected intranasally with egg-adapted isolates of this new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus developed the very same type of lesions observed in field cases.

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Outbreaks in Quebec Pig Farms of Respiratory and Reproductive Problems Associated with Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Cited by 49 publications

References 13 publications

Porcine Teschovirus Polioencephalomyelitis in Western Canada

Porcine Teschovirus Polioencephalomyelitis in Western Canada

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Peru

Antigenic Variant of Swine Influenza Virus Causing Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia in Pigs

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