Outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in calves at a veterinary hospital in Brazil

Abstract

The present study aimed to describe and characterize a nosocomial outbreak caused by a multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in hospitalized calves at a veterinary medical teaching hospital from Brazil. Sixty-three (96.9%) calves showed lethargy, hyperthermia and profuse diarrhea and despite treatment, 26 (41.2%) animals died. Five animals were necropsied and stool samples of six calves were collected. The isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-difusion method and were fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Macroscopic lesions suggestive of salmonellosis, such as fibrinonecrotic enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly were observed. Salmonellosis was confirmed by isolation of S. Typhimurium from stool samples and organs from seven affected animals. Six out of seven isolates of S. Typhimurium, exhibited 100% of similarity at ERIC-PCR, suggesting occurrence of nosocomial transmission of S. Typhimurium among the hospitalized calves. All but one S. Typhimurium isolated were resistant to marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, antimicrobial agents largely used for humans and animal treatment. This is the first study of a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium in a veterinary hospital in Brazil and highlighted the need for preventive measures to reduce the risks for inpatients and humans in contact with animals.RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever e caracterizar um surto nosocomial provocado por S. Typhimurium multirresistente em bezerros hospitalizados em um hospital escola de medicina veteriária localizado no Brasil. Sessenta e três (96,9%) bezerros apresentaram letargia, hipertermia e diarreia profusa e, apesar do tratamento, vinte e seis animais (41,2%) morreram. Cinco animais foram necropsiados e amostras fecais de seis bezerros foram coletadas. As estirpes isoladas foram submetidas a testes de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos pelo método de disco-difusão e foram genotipadas pelo ERIC-PCR. Lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de salmonelose, como enterite fibrinonecrótica e hepatoesplenomegalia, foram observadas. Salmonelose foi confirmada pelo isolamento de S. Typhimurium em amostras fecais e órgãos de sete animais. Dos sete isolados, seis apresentaram 100% de similaridade ao ERIC-PCR, sugerindo ocorrẽncia de transmissão nosocomial de S. Typhimurium entre os bezerros hospitalizados. Com excessão de uma estirpe, todas foram resistentes a marbofloxacina, enrofloxacina, florfenicol, oxitetraciclina e trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol, agentes antimicrobianos amplamente utilizados para o tratamento humano e animal. Esse é o primeiro estudo que demonstra um surto nosocomial de estirpes de S. Typhimurium resistentes a múltiplas drogas em um hospital veterinário no Brasil, enfatizando a necessidade de medidas preventivas que reduzam os riscos aos animais hospitalizados e a pessoas que entrarem em contato com esses animais.

Effects of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer on performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health scores of dairy heifers

“…The broth dilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BEO against two relevant enteric bacteria: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K99 + strain) and Salmonella typhimurium previously isolated from an outbreak in calves [ 44 ]. Two different preparations of BEO product were used to perform MIC: a—homogenized in purified water; b—homogenized in a solution with 3.0 g of isopropyl myristate, 8.25 g of propylene glycol, 7.25 g of Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Santo André, Brazil) and 100 mL of water.…”

Identification and characterization of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria in feral pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil

“…furthermore, the post-mortem alterations observed in this pigeon are commonly reported in pigeons and other species with salmonellosis (SAWA & HIRAI, 1981;olIVEIRA et al, 2019;RAMoS et al, 2021). to better understand this possible outbreak, one Salmonella isolate from each animal was subjected to ERIC-pCR, a method with high discriminatory power already in use for Salmonella typing in outbreaks (pURIGHAllA et al, 2017;RAMoS et al, 2019b). the high similarity among the eight isolates, as suggested by ERIC-pCR, strongly suggests the occurrence of an outbreak of salmonellosis in these pigeons.…”

“…previous studies have indicated that; although, pigeons are commonly asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp., salmonellosis may occur in urban pigeons, which could significantly increase the isolation rate of this agent in the affected pigeons (SAWA & HIRAI, 1981;tIzARD, 2004;HoElzER et al, 2011;DUttA et al, 2013;RoCHA-E-SIlVA et al, 2014). Additionally, salmonellosis outbreaks in animals seem to be more common during the rainy season, which may be a risk factor for bacterial spread (pANGlolI et al, 2008;RAMoS et al, 2019b).…”

“…previous studies have demonstrated that Salmonella enterica isolates from urban pigeons commonly belong to serotype Typhimurium (DUttA et al, 2013;oSMAN et al, 2013;RoCHA-E-SIlVA et al, 2014;HAESENDoNCk et al, 2016;toRRES-MEjíA et al, 2018;CARVAlHo et al, 2020;kACzoREk-ŁUKOwSKA et al, 2020). It is also known that S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg are important foodborne pathogens (CDC, 2014), which can also infect humans after direct contact with healthy or diseased animals (HAlE et al, 2012;RAMoS et al, 2019b). transmission of Salmonella spp.…”

“…Salmonella spp. strains were fingerprinted using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-pCR and analyzed using Bionumerics 7.6 software (Applied Maths NV, Belgium) to evaluate the genetic diversity between isolates from different pigeon samples (VERSAloVIC et al, 1991;RAMoS et al, 2019b). Additionally, DDM was used to evaluate the resistance patterns of Salmonella spp.…”