Outbreak of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Related to Animal Contact at a Petting Zoo

Warshawsky, Bryna; Gutmanis, Iris; Henry, Bonnie; Dow, Joanne; Reffle, Jim; Pollett, Graham L.; Ahmed, Rafiq; Aldom, J.E; Alves, Denisard; Chagla, Abdul H.; Ciebin, Bruce; Kolbe, Faron; Rodgers, Frank G.

doi:10.1155/2002/873832

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Many outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infection are the result of contaminated hamburger, produce, or water (1,4,5,12,13,24). Person-to-person (2, 22) and direct animal-tohuman transmission of E. coli O157:H7 have also been reported previously (3,7,11,27).A number of E. coli O157:H7 genes have been targeted for diagnostic amplification by PCR, including those encoding the Shiga toxins (stx 1 and stx 2 ), eaeA, hlyA, fliC, and several genes from the E. coli O157 O-antigen synthesis operon (9,14,16,17,19,20,23,26). Real-time PCR allows for quantification of the target, and when combined with a rapid cycling platform, results can be generated in 30 min from the start of thermal cycling.…”

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confidence: 69%

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Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Kit for Detecting Escherichia coli O157 in Bovine Fecal Samples

Bono

Keen

Miller

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A commercially available real-time, rapid PCR test was evaluated for its ability to detect Escherichia coli O157. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 99% for isolates in pure culture. The assay detected 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 g ؊1 in artificially inoculated bovine feces following enrichment.Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) includes E. coli serotypes whose genomes contain one or more Shiga toxin genes. STEC infections in humans can range from mild self-limiting diarrhea to more severe disease, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (18,21). HUS is mainly seen in younger children and is the leading cause of renal failure for children under the age of 5 years (6). The major STEC serotype associated with infections in humans in the United States is O157:H7, which caused 69 outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infection in the United States during 2000, resulting in thousands of illnesses, 50 cases of HUS, and four deaths (http: //www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/ecoli/2000_summaryLetter .pdf). Many outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infection are the result of contaminated hamburger, produce, or water (1,4,5,12,13,24). Person-to-person (2, 22) and direct animal-tohuman transmission of E. coli O157:H7 have also been reported previously (3,7,11,27).A number of E. coli O157:H7 genes have been targeted for diagnostic amplification by PCR, including those encoding the Shiga toxins (stx 1 and stx 2 ), eaeA, hlyA, fliC, and several genes from the E. coli O157 O-antigen synthesis operon (9,14,16,17,19,20,23,26). Real-time PCR allows for quantification of the target, and when combined with a rapid cycling platform, results can be generated in 30 min from the start of thermal cycling. Because of the advantages of real-time and rapid-cycle real-time PCR, many assays that perform better than the standard culture-based assays have been developed to detect pathogenic organisms (25). In this study, the ruggedized advanced pathogen identification device (RAPID) system E. coli O157 kit (Idaho Technology, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah) was evaluated for detecting E. coli O157 in pure culture and in artificially and naturally contaminated bovine feces.DNA was extracted from pure cultures by using the Generation Capture plate kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) according to the manufacturer's directions. Extractions were taken from 98 STEC O157:H7, 9 non-STEC O157, 16 STEC non-O157, and 86 non-O157 E. coli isolates (detailed list of the strains used is available at http://www.marc.usda.gov/AHRU /E.coli/AEM_Bono_Table_1.pdf). The DNA was diluted to 500 ng/l, and 1 l was added to the LightCycler capillary (Idaho Technology, Inc.). The RAPID system E. coli O157 detection kit (Idaho Technology, Inc.) containing the freezedried reagent was reconstituted by adding 38 l of water, and 19 l was added to the LightCycler capillary. The reactions were performed on the RAPID system with the cycling conditions of 94°C for 60 s for one cycle and then 45 cycles of a two-step cycle of 95°C for 0 s and 60°C for 2...

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confidence: 69%

supporting

confidence: 66%

Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Kit for Detecting Escherichia coli O157 in Bovine Fecal Samples

Bono

Keen

Miller

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…PFGE may be a method of choice for bacterial agents such as E. coli strain O157:H7, but it proved to be less effective for subtyping serovar Enteritidis, yielding fewer bands, which allows for less discrimination (4). Nevertheless, phage typing or the combination of phage typing and PFGE may necessitate characterization of fewer isolates by PFGE, resulting in substantial cost savings (3,4,27 .003 represented phage types that differed from those of the outbreak strains. These isolates were possibly from sporadic cases occurring at the same time as the outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage-Based Typing Scheme for Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg, a Causative Agent of Food Poisonings in Canada

et al. 2003

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Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is perhaps the second most frequent Salmonella serovar isolated from humans and the most common isolated from animals in Canada. This pathogen has shown increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and mimics the multidrug resistance observed in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain DT 104. However, unlike for serovar Typhimurium, a rapid and inexpensive subtyping method has not been available for large-scale surveillance efforts. We developed a phage typing scheme and subtyped 2,523 strains of serovar Heidelberg from outbreaks, sporadic infections, and environmental sources in Canada between January 1991 and December 2000. All strains were sensitive to one or more phages and could be subdivided into 49 phage types. A total of 196 isolates from 13 major outbreaks could be subtyped into six phage types, while 86 strains from family outbreaks were assigned to seven phage types. All strains were typeable, and epidemiologically related strains isolated from patients and implicated foods had identical phage types, antibiograms, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Combining PFGE with phage typing increased the discriminatory power of the analysis beyond that of either method alone. We concluded that this phage typing scheme, in conjunction with PFGE, enhances subtyping of serovar Heidelberg strains. Furthermore, this phage typing scheme is a rapid, economical, stable, and reliable epidemiologic tool for tracing the origin of food-borne disease and for the surveillance of sporadic infections.

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“…3 Serious infections with Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been associated with multiple animals in public settings. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] The primary reservoir of E coli O157:H7 is ruminant livestock, which are colonized asymptomatically. In many studies, the primary route of transmission has been foodborne, 46 but person-to-person spread, direct animal contact, and contact with environmental items contaminated by animals are common.…”

Section: Diseases Associated With Animals In Public Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Nontraditional Pets at Home and to Animals in Public Settings: Risks to Children

Pickering¹,

Marano²,

Bocchini³

et al. 2008

Pediatrics

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Exposure to animals can provide many benefits during the growth and development of children. However, there are potential risks associated with animal exposures, including exposure to nontraditional pets in the home and animals in public settings. Educational materials, regulations, and guidelines have been developed to minimize these risks. Pediatricians, veterinarians, and other health care professionals can provide advice on selection of appropriate pets as well as prevention of disease transmission from nontraditional pets and when children contact animals in public settings. Pediatrics 2008;122:876-886

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Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Related to Animal Contact at a Petting Zoo

Abstract: Results of this investigation suggest strongly that the goats and sheep from the petting zoo were the source of this outbreak of E coli 0157:H7.

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Kit for Detecting Escherichia coli O157 in Bovine Fecal Samples

Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Kit for Detecting Escherichia coli O157 in Bovine Fecal Samples

Phage-Based Typing Scheme for Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg, a Causative Agent of Food Poisonings in Canada

Exposure to Nontraditional Pets at Home and to Animals in Public Settings: Risks to Children

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