Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997

Hutin, Yvan; Williams, R. J.; Malfait, P; Pebody, Richard; Loparev, Vladimir N.; Ropp, Susan L.; Rodriguez, M.; Knight, Janice C.; Tshioko, F. K.; Khan, Ali S.; Szczeniowski, M; Esposito, Joseph J.

doi:10.3201/eid0703.010311

Cited by 262 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…), 12,13 attempts to definitively determine the reservoir species of MPXV have been persistently unsuccessful. 8,9,12,13 Neutralizing Orthopoxvirus antibodies have been found in multiple squirrel species, Gambian rats, elephant shrews, and domestic pigs that have been collected in DRC, 9,10,16 as well as a variety of mice, rats, and squirrels (Graphiurus, Xeru, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, and Cricetomys sp.) collected in Ghana.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nolen¹,

Osadebe²,

Katomba³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

150

161

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Abstract. An increased incidence of monkeypox (MPX) infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was noted by the regional surveillance system in October 2013. Little information exists regarding how MPX is introduced into the community and the factors associated with transmission within the household. Sixty-eight wild animals were collected and tested for Orthopoxvirus. Two of three rope squirrels (Funisciurus sp.) were positive for antibodies to Orthopoxviruses; however, no increased risk was associated with the consumption or preparation of rope squirrels. A retrospective cohort investigation and a case-control investigation were performed to identify risk factors affecting the introduction of monkeypox virus (MPXV) into the community and transmission within the home. School-age males were the individuals most frequently identified as the first person infected in the household and were the group most frequently affected overall. Risk factors of acquiring MPXV in a household included sleeping in the same room or bed, or using the same plate or cup as the primary case. There was no significant risk associated with eating or processing of wild animals. Activities associated with an increased risk of MPXV transmission all have potential for virus exposure to the mucosa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9] Although multiple animals have been shown to have neutralizing Orthopoxvirus antibodies, [9][10][11] live MPXV has only been isolated from sylvatic animals on two occasions, once from a squirrel (Funisciurus sp.) and once from a sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nolen¹,

Osadebe²,

Katomba³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

150

161

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“…Smallpox virus (variola) stocks are known to exist in two laboratories in the United States and Russia, but there is a possibility the virus exists outside these high-security facilities. Additionally, there is a growing threat from zoonotic poxvirus outbreaks, particularly monkeypox (4,5), cowpox (6)(7)(8), and vaccinia (9,10), all close relatives of variola. Currently there is no postexposure therapy for orthopoxviral disease, although the smallpox vaccine may have limited effectiveness as postexposure prophylaxis and is clearly effective as a preexposure prophylactic (11,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of ST-246 versus lethal poxvirus challenge in immunodeficient mice

Grosenbach

Berhanu

King

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The threat of smallpox as a bioweapon and the emerging threat of human monkeypox, among other poxviral diseases, highlight the need for effective poxvirus countermeasures. ST-246, which targets the F13L protein in vaccinia virus and its homologs in other orthopoxvirus species, provides full protection from lethal poxviral disease in numerous animal models and seems to be safe in humans. All previous evaluations of ST-246 efficacy have been in immunocompetent animals. However, the risk of severe poxviral disease is greater in immunodeficient hosts. Here we report on the efficacy of ST-246 in preventing or treating lethal poxviral disease in immunodeficient mice. After lethal challenge with the Western Reserve strain of vaccinia, Nude, SCID, and J H knockout mice additionally depleted of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were not fully protected by ST-246, although survival was significantly extended. However, CD4 + T cell deficient, CD8 + T cell deficient, J H knockout, and J H knockout mice also deficient for CD4 + or CD8 + T cells survived lethal challenge when treated with ST-246 starting on the day of challenge. Delaying treatment until 72 h after infection reduced ST-246 efficacy in some models but provided full protection from lethal challenge in most. These findings suggest that ST-246 may be effective in controlling smallpox or other pathogenic orthopoxviruses in some immunodeficient human populations for whom the vaccine is contraindicated.antiviral | immunodeficiency | ST-246 | smallpox | orthopoxvirus

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“…Monkeypox virus causes sporadic smallpox-like disease which is endemic in the rainforests of central and western Africa. There have been some large outbreaks in Africa [Hutin et al, 2001;Meyer et al, 2002] and most recently one in USA [Anonymous, 2003;Reed et al, 2004], after introduction of the virus by importation of African small mammals. Clinical symptoms of cowpox and monkeypox can be mistaken for chickenpox.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of human orthopoxvirus infections and differentiation of smallpox virus with real‐time PCR

Putkuri

Piiparinen

Vaheri

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Virology

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We developed a real-time PCR protocol to detect orthopoxviruses (OPVs) from different clinical specimens and to separate variola virus from other OPVs. In our protocol, we used automated nucleic acid extraction system together with realtime PCR to create a simple, safe and fast procedure to obtain an initial result. The sensitivity was better by using designed hybridization probes as compared to SYBR green I for detection. The detection limit ranged from 13 to 1,300 copies per 20 ml reaction volume depending on the sample type. The PCR detected all OPVs pathogenic to human (variola, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia) as well as camelpox and ectromelia viruses. Amplification of variola virus sequences could be distinguished from other OPVs by melting curve analysis. We also demonstrated the applicability of the assay in human cases of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections.

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Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997

Cited by 262 publications

References 17 publications

Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Efficacy of ST-246 versus lethal poxvirus challenge in immunodeficient mice

Detection of human orthopoxvirus infections and differentiation of smallpox virus with real‐time PCR

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