Outbreak of hepatitis A in the USA associated with frozen pomegranate arils imported from Turkey: an epidemiological case study

Collier, Melissa G.; Khudyakov, Yury; Selvage, David; Adams-Cameron, Meg; Epson, Erin; Cronquist, Alicia; Jervis, Rachel H; Lamba, Katherine; Kimura, Akiko; Sowadsky, Rick; Hassan, Rashida; Park, Sarah Y.; Garza, Eric; Elliott, Aleisha; Rotstein, David S.; Beal, Jennifer; Kuntz, Thomas; Lance, Susan; Dreisch, Rebecca; Wise, Matthew E.; Nelson, Noele P.; Suryaprasad, Anil; Drobeniuc, Jan; Holmberg, Scott D.; Xu, Fujie

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70883-7

Cited by 124 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Contributing to the increase in 2013 was a foodborne outbreak tied to contaminated pomegranate arils imported from Turkey, which sickened 165 patients in 10 states. Most (93%) persons with cases in the 2013 outbreak were aged ≥18 years; 42% were hospitalized, three developed fulminant hepatitis, and one required a liver transplant (40). (Table 4).…”

Section: Acute Hepatitis a In The Vaccine Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress Toward Eliminating Hepatitis A Disease in the United States

et al. 2016

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Summary Hepatitis A virus (HAV) disease disproportionately affects adolescents and young adults, American Indian/Alaska Native and Hispanic racial/ethnic groups, and disadvantaged populations. During 1996-2006, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) made incremental changes in hepatitis A (HepA) vaccination recommendations to increase coverage for children and persons at high risk for HAV infection. This report examines the temporal association of ACIP-recommended HepA vaccination and disparities (on the absolute scale) in cases of HAV disease and on seroprevalence of HAV-related protection (measured as antibody to HAV [anti-HAV]). ACIP-recommended childhood HepA vaccination in the United States has eliminated most absolute disparities in HAV disease by age, race/ethnicity, and geographic area with relatively modest ≥1-dose and ≥2-dose vaccine coverage. However, the increasing proportion of cases of HAV disease among adults with identified and unidentified sources of exposure underscores the importance of considering new

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Section: Acute Hepatitis a In The Vaccine Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress Toward Eliminating Hepatitis A Disease in the United States

et al. 2016

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“…35 Sixty-nine individuals were hospitalized, two had fulminant hepatitis, and one required a liver transplant.…”

Section: Pomegranate Arilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,75,77 The following measures are primarily aimed at foodborne NoV but apply equally to other enteric viral pathogens. 10,21,35,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] • Clean and disinfect common environmental surfaces touched by many people.…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses of foodborne origin: a review

Todd¹,

Grieg²

2015

VAAT

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Enteric viruses are major contributors to foodborne disease, and include adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, and norovirus. From a foodborne transmission perspective, norovirus is the most important; however, hepatitis A is associated with more serious illness. Foodborne viruses are transmitted through contaminated food, but also in combination with person-to-person contact or through environmental contamination. These viruses survive well in the environment, are excreted in abundance in feces, and have a low infectious dose, all of which facilitate spread within a community. Many colonized individuals experience mild gastroenteritis lasting a few days or are asymptomatic, although viral excretion may continue over days or weeks. Severe illness tends to be restricted to the very young and elderly, especially in closed communities such as schools and homes for the aged. In the USA, norovirus is considered to be responsible for two thirds of all foodborne illnesses occurring in a wide range of institutional settings, including schools, colleges, child care centers, cruise ships, prisons, and soldiers on campaign. Norovirus outbreaks also occur at one-time events, such as banquets, wedding receptions, birthday parties, and potluck meals, and are most often introduced by infected food workers producing, preparing, or serving food, or through self-service buffets. Often the infections are introduced from the community into institutions where they can infect the majority of residents unless quickly controlled. In countries where economic assessments have been completed, there is a high cost for prevention, control, and treatment of infections. Control measures are limited, but include proper clean-up and disinfection after vomiting or diarrhea, and prevention of food contact by infected individuals. As diagnostics improve, more foodborne illnesses relating to enteric viruses are expected to be identified, especially in developing countries where there are little data today.

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“…Preliminary food trace back investigations revealed large scale distribution of these products in the EU/ EEA area, and pointed to producers in countries both inside and outside of the EU/EEA. In 2013, outbreaks affecting an unprecedented large number of people in a number of countries have occurred in the EU/EEA and beyond, highlighting the role of frozen berries as a vehicle of infection [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%