Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries

Pönkä, Antti; Maunula, Leena; Bonsdorff, von; Lyytikäinen, Outi

doi:10.2807/esm.04.06.00056-en

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Transmission of viruses associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish, particularly, oysters which are eaten uncooked, is regularly reported (Koopmans and Duizer 2004;Widdowson et al 2005). Other foods, including raspberries (Cotterelle et al 2005;Le Guyader et al 2004;Gaulin et al 1999;Korsager et al 2005;Hedlund et al 2000;Falkenhorst et al 2005;Hjertqvist et al 2006;Fell et al 2007;Ponka et al 1999) and salads (Vivancos et al 2009), have caused outbreaks after being contaminated by polluted water or virus-infected food handlers. Polluted water, both drinking water and recreational water, have been shown to have transmitted viruses (Cannon et al 1991;Lawson et al 1991;Maunula et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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Potential ways to address the issues that relate to the techniques for analyzing food and environmental samples for the presence of enteric viruses are discussed. It is not the authors' remit to produce or recommend standard or reference methods but to address specific issues in the analytical procedures. Foods of primary importance are bivalve molluscs, particularly, oysters, clams, and mussels; salad crops such as lettuce, green onions and other greens; and soft fruits such as raspberries and strawberries. All types of water, not only drinking water but also recreational water (fresh, marine, and swimming pool), river water (irrigation water), raw and treated sewage are potential vehicles for virus transmission. Well over 100 different enteric viruses could be food or water contaminants; however, with few exceptions, most well-characterized foodborne or waterborne viral outbreaks are restricted to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and calicivirus, essentially norovirus (NoV). Target viruses for analytical methods include, in addition to NoV and HAV, hepatitis E virus (HEV), enteroviruses (e.g., poliovirus), adenovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and any other relevant virus likely to be transmitted by food or water. A survey of the currently available methods for detection of viruses in food and environmental matrices was conducted, gathering information on protocols for extraction of viruses from various matrices and on the various specific detection techniques for each virus type.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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“…Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks have shown that the most important modes of transmission are person-to-person contacts and contaminated food and water (20,31). Multistate and global outbreaks linked to the distribution of contaminated foods and water have been reported (4,6,14,45). Moreover, the emergence of a common strain with global distribution has raised important questions on the likelihood of massive food-borne introduction of new NLV strains (43,51).…”

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confidence: 99%

International Collaborative Study To Compare Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detection and Genotyping of Noroviruses

Vinjé

Vennema

Maunula³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

206

135

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To allow more rapid and internationally standardized assessment of the spread of noroviruses (previously called Norwalk-like viruses [NLVs]) as important food-borne pathogens, harmonization of methods for their detection is needed. Diagnosis of NLVs in clinical diagnostic laboratories is usually performed by reverse transciptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays. In the present study, the performance of five different RT-PCR assays for the detection of NLVs was evaluated in an international collaborative study by five laboratories in five countries with a coded panel of 91 fecal specimens. The assays were tested for their sensitivity, detection limit, and ease of standardization. In total, NLVs could be detected by at least one RT-PCR assay in 69 (84%) of the samples that originally tested positive. Sensitivity ranged from 52 to 73% overall and from 54 to 100% and 58 to 85% for genogroup I and II viruses, respectively. In all, 64% of the false-negative results were obtained with a set of diluted stools (n ‫؍‬ 20) that may have lost quality upon storage. Sensitivity was improved when these samples were excluded from analysis. No one single assay stood out as the best, although the p1 assay demonstrated the most satisfactory overall performance. To promote comparability of data, this assay will be recommended for newly starting groups in future collaborative studies.

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“…They are transmitted both directly, via person-to-person contact, and indirectly by environmental contamination (31), via foods and drinking water (5,13,21,22,28,32,36,37). The number of cases which can be attributed to food-or waterborne transmission is not known exactly (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Norovirus Genogroup I

et al. 2006

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We have developed a one-tube reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method using the real-time TaqMan PCR system for the detection of norovirus genogroup I (NV GGI). By introduction of a novel probe based on locked nucleic acid technology, we enhanced the sensitivity of the assay compared to those of conventional TaqMan probes. The sensitivity of the NV GGI RT-PCR was determined by probit analysis with defined RNA standards and quantified norovirus isolates to 711 copies/ml (95% detection limit). In order to detect PCR inhibition, we included a heterologous internal control (IC) system based on phage MS2. This internally controlled RT-PCR was tested on different real-time PCR platforms, LightCycler, Rotorgene, Mastercycler EP realplex, and ABI Prism. Compared to the assay without an IC, the duplex RT-PCR exhibited no reduction in sensitivity in clinical samples. In combination with an established NV GGII real-time RT-PCR, we used the novel assay in a routine assay for diagnosis of clinical and food-borne norovirus infection. We applied this novel assay to analyze outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus of GGI was detected in these outbreaks. Sequence and similarity plot analysis of open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 showed two genotypes, GGI/2 and GGI/4, in semiclosed communities.

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Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries

Abstract: Small round structured viruses (SRSVs - for example, calici-, astro-, and entero-viruses) are the commonest causes of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission of SRSVs by water and by various foods – including salads, bakery prod

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

International Collaborative Study To Compare Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detection and Genotyping of Noroviruses

Enhanced Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Norovirus Genogroup I

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