Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Aflatoxin Poisoning in Kenya

Ngindu, Augustine; Kenya, PatrickR.; Ocheng, DavidM.; Omondi, ThomasN.; Ngare, William; Gatei, David; Johnson, B.; Ngira, JuliusA.; Nandwa, Helen; Jansen, AdrianJ.; Kaviti, JasonN.; Siongok, T. A.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92411-4

Cited by 212 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…AFs were detected in relatively many samples (24.3 %) in respect to earlier studies in Croatia. However, only AFG 1 (but not other AFs) was confi rmed by TLC in this study, which is quite surprising because most of other studies detected (or analysed) only AFB 1 . In a Turkish study using ELISA, total AFs were detected in all maize samples (mean 10.94 µg kg -1 ) and in a Tunisian study in 50.5 % of cereals, dried fruit, and spices (mean 12.8 µg kg -1 ) (17,18).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

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Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

Klarić

Cvetnić

Pepeljnjak

et al. 2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as afl atoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92 %, mean 318.3 µg kg -1 ), followed by FBs (27 %, 3690 µg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 µg kg -1 ), and OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 µg kg -1 ). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA signifi cantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confi rmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins varied between 4.2 % and 54 % and of three between 4.2 % and 7.6 %. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed depends on the distribution of toxigenic mould strains, micro-climate, harvesting techniques, and storage conditions. Sometimes this contamination may cause great economic loss (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

Klarić

Cvetnić

Pepeljnjak

et al. 2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Indeed, noted that mouldy seeds were present in a sample of a sorghum variety germinated in a Tanzanian village. Aflatoxin is a serious problem in the humid tropics, in particular, and there is evidence of acute aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya (Ngindu et al 1982).…”

Section: Seed Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Weaning Foods to Protein–Energy Malnutrition

Walker

1990

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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“…Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) -the most toxic of the aflatoxins -has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a group 1 human carcinogen (IARC, 1993). Consumption of aflatoxin contaminated foods affects human health causing aflatoxicosis, cancer, stunted growth in children and/or immune suppression (Shephard, 2008;Wu, 2010) (Ngindu et al, 1982); 80 cases and 30 deaths in 2005; and 9 deaths in 2006 (Wagacha & Muthomi, 2008). The health concerns associated with aflatoxin (and other mycotoxins) have led many countries to set standards on acceptable limits of total aflatoxins as well as different aflatoxin types.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

Wagacha¹,

Mutegi²,

Christie³

et al. 2013

JFR

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Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: Penicillium spp. (106.6 CFU/g), A. flavus L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), A. flavus S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), A. niger (2.6 CFU/g), A. parasiticus (1.7 CFU/g) and A. tamarii (0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of A. flavus L-strain was 66% higher than that of A. flavus S-strain. Ninety one percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 -47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (≤ 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (≤ 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container -preferably jute bags -which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.

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Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Aflatoxin Poisoning in Kenya

Cited by 212 publications

References 10 publications

Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

The Contribution of Weaning Foods to Protein–Energy Malnutrition

Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

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