Outbreak investigations and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in south-west Niger

Kouato, Bachir Souley; Elliot, F. M.; King, Donald P.; Hyera, J.M.K.; Knowles, Nick J.; Ludi, Anna B.; Mioulet, Valérie; Matlho, George; Clercq, Kris De; Thys, É.; Marichatou, Hamani; Issa, Salissou; Saegerman, Claude

doi:10.1111/tbed.12642

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Our serological findings suggest the present or past circulation of five FMDV serotypes (O, A, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) in the KGR, Nigeria. These findings are consistent with previous report in Nigeria (Ehizibolo et al, ,; Ularamu et al, ), and other countries in West and Central Africa (Ludi et al, ; Souley Kouato et al, ) and should stimulate interest into increased surveillance to determine the establishment of SAT1 which recently re‐emerged (Ehizibolo et al, ) and the probable circulation of SAT3 in Nigeria. Within all HH keeping both cattle and sheep, NSP antibody positivity and serotype reactivity in SPCE detected in sheep sera corresponded with those detected in cattle suggesting an important involvement of sheep in virus circulation in livestock herds, which deserves further study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in agro‐pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria

Ehizibolo

Vleeschauwer

Haegeman

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) is located in Kaduna state in north-western Nigeria and consists of 6 contiguous blocks housing 744 defined households (HH), all engaged in livestock keeping. It is considered as a homogenous epidemiological unit and a defined study area. In 2012, all cattle and sheep of 40 selected HH were sampled to determine sero-prevalence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and of FMDV. The overall sero-prevalence of antibodies to the non-structural 3ABC protein (NSP-3ABC ELISA) was 28.9% (380/1,315) (30.6% cattle; 16.3% sheep), and in 4.5% (62/1,380) (5% cattle; 0.6% sheep) of the examined sera FMD viral RNA could be detected by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Additionally, in 2012 and 2014 serum, epithelium and probang samples were collected from cattle in reported FMD outbreaks and the causative FMDVs were molecularly characterized. Approximately half (28/59) of the outbreak sera reacted positive in NSP-3ABC ELISA, and 88% (52/59) of the outbreak sera contained detectable viral RNA. Overall, antibodies against five FMDV serotypes (O, A, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) were detected by solid phase competitive ELISA with combinations of two or more serotypes being common. Of the 21 FMDVs that could be isolated 19 were sequenced and 18 were confirmed as SAT2 (lineage VII) while one was characterized as serotype O (EA-3 topotype).Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Nigerian FMDV strains and strains in this region and even with strains in North-Africa. Our findings indicate that FMD constitutes an endemic health problem to cattle rearing in the agro-pastoralist community in the KGR and that the KGR is not a closed epidemiological unit.Insight into the local FMDV epidemiology and in the circulating FMDV serotypes/ strains is of support to the relevant authorities in Nigeria when considering the need for an FMD control policy to improve animal production in grazing reserves. K E Y W O R D Sfoot-and-mouth disease, Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria, phylogeny, serology, virus characterization

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in agro‐pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria

Ehizibolo

Vleeschauwer

Haegeman

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Recombination is believed to be dependent upon simultaneous replication of distinct viruses within the same cell, co-occupying the same replication complex. Numerous studies, especially in African countries have reported serological evidence of individual animals infected by multiple FMDV serotypes [43][44][45][46][47][48] , which highlights the common occurrence of multiple serotypes affecting herds in endemic countries. Additionally, one study in Pakistan, demonstrated detection and sequencing of two viruses from one sample with different serotypes (A and Asia-1), and another sample with two different sublineages of A/Iran-05 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the surface dark-layer to enhance upconversion in a thermal field

et al. 2018

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Recombination of rapidly evolving RNA-viruses provides an important mechanism for diversification, spread, and emergence of new variants with enhanced fitness. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an important transboundary disease of livestock that is endemic to most countries in Asia and Africa. Maintenance and spread of FMDV are driven by periods of dominance of specific viral lineages. Current understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FMDV lineages is generally based on the phylogenetic relationship of the capsid-encoding genes, with less attention to the process of recombination and evolution of non-structural proteins. In this study, the putative recombination breakpoints of FMDVs endemic to Southeast Asia were determined using full-open reading frame sequences. Subsequently, the lineages' divergence times of recombination-free genome regions were estimated. These analyses revealed a close relationship between two of the earliest endemic viral lineages that appear unrelated when only considering the phylogeny of their capsid proteins. Contrastingly, one lineage, named O/CATHAY, known for having a particular host predilection (pigs) has evolved independently. Additionally, intra-lineage recombination occurred at different breakpoints compared to the inter-lineage process. These results provide new insights about FMDV recombination patterns and the evolutionary interdependence of FMDV serotypes and lineages. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important diseases of livestock worldwide 1,2. Many countries with endemic FMD have rural populations that are highly reliant on their livestock as critical assets. The causal agent, FMD virus (FMDV), affects cloven-hoofed animals and is endemic in all countries in mainland Southeast Asia, where clinical cases are regularly observed in livestock, including pigs, cattle, Asian buffalo and small ruminants. FMDV belongs to the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and has a single-stranded, positive-sense, non-segmented RNA genome consisting of an open reading frame (ORF) region of ~7000 nucleotides (nt). The genome encodes for a single polyprotein that is post-translationally processed into 4 capsid proteins (VP1-4) and 10 non-structural proteins (NSP; leader proteinase (L pro), 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1 VPg1 , 3B2 VPg2 , 3B3 VPg3 , 3C pro and 3D pol), bounded by 5′and 3′untranslated regions (UTRs) 3. FMDV has been classified into seven distinct serotypes, namely A, O, C, Asia-1, Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 4 , many of which exist as multiple strains or lineages circulating in endemic regions 5 .

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“…Numerous studies have reported serological evidence of infection with multiple serotypes within the same animal, which indicates evidence of cumulative, lifetime exposure (Eldaghayes et al., ; Ludi et al., ; Namatovu et al., ; Sikombe et al., ; Wungak et al., ). However, simultaneous coinfection is a distinct subcategory of multiple exposures and has been reported rarely in clinical samples from cattle (Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, & Belsham, ; Souley Kouato et al., ; Ullah et al., ; Wungak et al., ), but is believed to occur more frequently in oropharyngeal fluid samples from African Cape buffalo (Anderson, Doughty, Anderson, & Paling, ; Hedger, ; Vosloo et al., ). An additional importance of cocirculation and coinfection lies in the ability of the distinct viruses to recombine, as demonstrated in several studies that have reported recombinant field viruses (Balinda et al., ; Jamal et al., ; Lee et al., ; Li, Shang, Liu, Liu, & Cai, ; Mohapatra et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and comparison of diagnostic tests for characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus strains from Pakistan 2008–2012

Ahmed

Pauszek

Ludi

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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We report the laboratory analysis of 125 clinical samples from suspected cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and Asian buffalo collected in Pakistan between 2008 and 2012. Of these samples, 89 were found to contain viral RNA by rRT-PCR, of which 88 were also found to contain infectious FMD virus (FMDV) by virus isolation (VI), with strong correlation between these tests (κ = 0.96). Samples that were VI-positive were serotyped by antigen detection ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and VP1 sequence acquisition and analysis. Sequence data identified FMDV serotypes A (n = 13), O (n = 36) and Asia-1 (n = 41), including three samples from which both serotypes Asia-1 and O were detected. Serotype A viruses were classified within three different Iran-05 sublineages: HER-10, FAR-11 and ESF-10. All serotype Asia-1 were within Group VII (Sindh-08 lineage), in a genetic clade that differs from viruses isolated prior to 2010. All serotypes O were classified as PanAsia-2 within two different sublineages: ANT-10 and BAL-09. Using VP1 sequencing as the gold standard for serotype determination, the overall sensitivity of Ag-ELISA to correctly determine serotype was 74%, and serotype-specific sensitivity was 8% for serotype A, 88% for Asia-1 and 89% for O. Serotype-specific specificity was 100% for serotype A, 93% for Asia-1 and 94% for O. Interestingly, 12 of 13 serotype A viruses were not detected by Ag-ELISA. This study confirms earlier accounts of regional genetic diversity of FMDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of continued validation of diagnostic tests for rapidly evolving pathogens such as FMDV.

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Outbreak investigations and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in south-west Niger

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in agro‐pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria

Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in agro‐pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria

Activation of the surface dark-layer to enhance upconversion in a thermal field

Genetic diversity and comparison of diagnostic tests for characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus strains from Pakistan 2008–2012

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