Out on a Limb

The multifactor pelvis: An alternative to the adaptationist approach of the obstetrical dilemma

“…87 Similarly, because of the biomechanical relationship of the proximal femur and pelvis, there may also be genetic underpinnings for evolutionarily coordinated shape changes in these two regions. 38 Pbx1 mutant mice show alterations in both the pelvic girdle and proximal femur, 38 and because transcription factors like Pbx affect multiple downstream target genes, changes in regulatory regions associated with such genes may lead to simultaneous developmental impacts across several anatomical regions. 38 A second hypothesis implicating shared genetics suggests that sexually dimorphic pelvic shape is a byproduct of sex hormones selected for other reproductive or body functions.…”

“…This includes a critical look at the gendered values inherent in the model, 1,10,25 and I believe we have also, until relatively recently, ignored evolutionary factors outside of adaptation in our thinking about the evolution of human pelvic shape. In the last decade, integration, [32][33][34][35] genetic drift, 23,36 the genetic underpinnings of development and variation in the pelvis, 30,37,38 and ecological factors 39,40 have been explored in greater detail, yet the obstetrical dilemma remains a dominating force within which hypotheses about pelvic shape are formed. 4,14,16,18…”

Cell surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells related to the skeletal system: A scoping review

“…On the other hand, knee cartilage was the other important element to obtain MSCs. This tissue also develops from the somatopleure, yet the process is different compared with endochondral ossification [ 141 ]. Therefore, we hypothesize anatomical site, and embryological origin could be key in characterizing surface marker expression, which remains to be established.…”

Genetics of scapula and pelvis development: An evolutionary perspective

“…Regardless of the extent to which various embryonic tissues contribute to the scapula, the resulting cell populations become integrated into one mesenchymal condensation by embryonic day (E) 11.5 in mice (human E43), and into a clearly recognizable pre-cartilaginous scapula by E12.5 (human E44) located adjacent to the forelimb bud at the brachio-thoracic-axial level (Durland et al, 2008; Hita-Contreras et al, 2018; Huang et al, 2006, 2000; Young & Capellini, 2015). Recent analysis by Hita-Contreras et al (2018) has shown that this mesenchymal condensation has multiple outgrowths: one each for the scapular body, coracoid process, and the acromion and spine.…”

“…Rather, each coxae is comprised of three fused elements, which extend in distinct planes: a superiorly positioned ilium, an inferiorly/ventrally positioned pubis, and an inferiorly/dorsally positioned ischium (Fig. 2) (Romer & Parsons, 1986; Young & Capellini, 2015). These three bones centrally fuse at the acetabulum, which articulates with the femoral head of the hindlimb, thus anchoring the limb to the trunk (Romer & Parsons, 1986).…”