Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae

Abstract

Aim The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom family Inocybaceae is widespread in north temperate regions, but more than 150 species are encountered in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The relative roles of recent and ancient biogeographical processes, relationships with plant hosts, and the timing of divergences that have shaped the current geographic distribution of the family are investigated.Location Africa, Australia, Neotropics, New Zealand, north temperate zone, Palaeotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, south temperate zone.Methods We reconstruct a phylogeny of the Inocybaceae with a geological timeline using a relaxed molecular clock. Divergence dates of lineages are estimated statistically to test vicariance-based hypotheses concerning relatedness of disjunct ECM taxa. A series of internal maximum time constraints is used to evaluate two different calibrations. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer ancestral areas and ancestral plant partners of the family.

Dating the emergence of truffle-like fungi in Australia, by using an augmented meta-analysis

“…Starting trees (shared across runs) were reconstructed for each lineage using RAxML (Stamatakis 2006). The substitution model used was the general time-reversible model with parameters that estimated the proportion of invariable sites and that accommodated rate heterogeneity (GTR+I+G), which followed previous studies (Hosaka et al 2006;Matheny et al 2009;Baroni and Matheny 2011;Skrede et al 2011; Matheny , 2012Lebel and Syme 2012). Where alignments from multiple loci were available, each locus was unlinked for the substitution model and clock rate and then linked for the tree topology and node ages.…”

“…For four lineages, suitable dated phylogenies were already present from other studies (Matheny et al 2009;Ryberg and Matheny 2011;Skrede et al 2011;Lebel and Syme 2012). For the other nine lineages, datasets were compiled from sets of GenBank sequences as utilised in published studies, and, in two cases, these were augmented with further sequences from GenBank.…”

“…Dates for this lineage were obtained from Matheny et al (2009), and it included two singleton sequestrate species from Australia, namely, Inocybe 'cazaresii' and Auritella geoaustralis. The dates given for these species were 12-27-41 million years and 8-18-30 million years respectively.…”

“…The starting tree for the Phallomycetidae was constrained to maintain larger inclusive clades (orders) recovered by Hosaka et al (2006). A secondary calibration method (Renner 2005;Matheny et al 2009) was used to date the nine newly created phylogenies. All phylogenies were individually calibrated to a timescale using dates (and associated error) derived from a reference tree, a fivegene phylogeny of the Basidiomycota in Ryberg and Matheny (2011), wherein the calibration node was the split between Agaricomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina at 430 million years ago, not the root of the Basidiomycota as was erroneously written in the text.…”

CrassisporiumandRomagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales

“…However, continued assessment of evolutionary relationships within the order is necessary. For instance, taxa from the tropics and southern hemisphere are in need of better integration into more inclusive molecular systematic treatments (Matheny et al, 2009, Rees, Midgley, Marchant, Perkins, & Orlovich, 2013, and some species are known only from type collections, of insufficient age for adequate gene sampling, missing or unavailable (Ammirati, Parker, & Matheny, 2007;Baroni & Matheny, 2011). The genus Galerina Earle (Agaricales), typified by G. vittiformis (Fr.)…”