Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Anisotropic Optical Antenna Metasurfaces with Phase Discontinuities

Aieta, Francesco; Genevet, Patrice; Yu, Nanfang; Kats, Mikhail A.; Gaburro, Z.; Capasso, Federico

doi:10.1021/nl300204s

Cited by 507 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] An array of such nanoantennas can form a metasurface to bend the light abnormally 7,8 in a fairly broad range of wavelengths and can create, for example, an optical vortex beam. 7,12 In addition, a metasurface arranged of plasmonic nano-antennas can be used as a very efficient coupler between propagating waves and surface waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses

et al. 2013

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We experimentally demonstrate the focusing of visible light with ultra-thin, planar metasurfaces made of concentrically perforated, 30-nm-thick gold films. The perforated nano-voids-Babinet-inverted (complementary) nano-antennas-create discrete phase shifts and form a desired wavefront of cross-polarized, scattered light. The signal-to-noise ratio in our complementary nano-antenna design is at least one order of magnitude higher than in previous metallic nano-antenna designs. We first study our proof-of-concept 'metalens' with extremely strong focusing ability: focusing at a distance of only 2.5 mm is achieved experimentally with a 4-mm-diameter lens for light at a wavelength of 676 nm. We then extend our work with one of these 'metalenses' and achieve a wavelength-controllable focal length. Optical characterization of the lens confirms that switching the incident wavelength from 676 to 476 nm changes the focal length from 7 to 10 mm, which opens up new opportunities for tuning and spatially separating light at different wavelengths within small, micrometer-scale areas. All the proposed designs can be embedded on-chip or at the end of an optical fiber. The designs also all work for two orthogonal, linear polarizations of incident light.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses

et al. 2013

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“…This strategy resembles reflectarrays and transmit--arrays used at much lower frequencies [16--18]. Linear gradients of phase discontinuities lead to planar reflected and refracted wavefronts [15,19,20]. On the other hand, nonlinear phase gradients 3 lead to the formation of complex wavefronts such as helicoidal ones, which characterize vortex beams [21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Aberration-Free Ultrathin Flat Lenses and Axicons at Telecom Wavelengths Based on Plasmonic Metasurfaces

et al. 2012

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The concept of optical phase discontinuities is applied to the design and demonstration of aberration--free planar lenses and axicons, comprising a phased array of ultrathin subwavelength spaced optical antennas. The lenses and axicons consist of radial distributions of V--shaped nanoantennas that generate respectively spherical wavefronts and non--diffracting Bessel beams at telecom wavelengths.Simulations are also presented to show that our aberration--free designs are applicable to high numerical aperture lenses such as flat microscope objectives.The fabrication of lenses with aberration correction is challenging in particular in the mid--and near--infrared wavelength range where the choice of transparent materials is limited.Usually it requires complex optimization techniques such as aspheric shapes or multi--lens designs [1,2], which are expensive and bulky.Focusing diffracting plates offer the possibility of designing low weight and small volume lenses. For example the Fresnel Zone Plate focuses light by diffracting from a binary mask that blocks part of the radiation [1]. A more advanced solution is represented by the Fresnel lens, which introduces a gradual phase retardation in the radial direction to focus light

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“…7 It should be noted that a single layer of scatterers (due to their Lorentzian-shaped polarizability) only allow for full 2π-phase control of the cross-polarized light component, 8 meaning that such metasurfaces have a theoretical efficiency of maximum 25%, 9 though most realizations show efficiencies of a few percent. 10,11 In order to improve the efficiency of plasmonic metasurfaces, the low-frequency concept of transmit-and reflectarrays has been generalized and adopted to the visible and infrared regimes, where metasurfaces working in transmission consist of several layers in order to reach full phase control and proper impedance matching with surroundings. 9,12 Accordingly, such metasurfaces are quite complex to fabricate at near-infrared and visible frequencies, with a moderate efficiency of ∼ 20 − 50% due to Ohmic losses in the metal.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analog Computing Using Reflective Plasmonic Metasurfaces

2014

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Motivated by the recent renewed interest in compact analog computing using light and metasurfaces (Silva, A. et al., Science 2014, 343, 160-163), we suggest a practical approach to its realization that involves reflective metasurfaces consisting of arrayed gold nanobricks atop a subwavelength-thin dielectric spacer and optically-thick gold film, a configuration that supports gap-surface plasmon resonances. Using well established numerical routines, we demonstrate that these metasurfaces enable independent control of the light phase and amplitude, and design differentiator and integrator metasurfaces featuring realistic system parameters. Proofof-principle experiments are reported along with the successful realization of a high-quality poor-man's integrator metasurface operating at the wavelength of 800 nm.Keywords: Metasurfaces, plasmonics, analog computing, metamaterials, gap surface plasmons * To whom correspondence should be addressed † In the quest to fully control light at the nanoscale, the year 2000 marks a new epoch in studying light-matter interactions, as researchers, fascinated by the experimental verification of negative refraction 1 and the theoretical work on perfect lensing, 2 in copious amounts ventured into the field of man-made materials, i.e., metamaterials. More than a decade later, several groundbreaking applications have been suggested and verified, such as super-resolution imaging, 3 invisibility cloaks, 4 and metamaterial nanocircuits. 5 In any case, however, and especially at optical frequencies, the general usage of metamaterials seem hindered by difficulties in fabrication and too high losses.As a way to circumvent the drawbacks of metamaterials, the two-dimensional analog, known as metasurfaces, have attracted increasing attention in recent years. 6 Metasurfaces are characterized by a subwavelength thickness in the direction of propagation, while the transverse plane typically consists of an array of metallic scatterers with subwavelength periodicity. Generally speaking, metasurfaces function as interface discontinuities which, depending on size, shape and composition of scatterers, allow for an abrupt change in the amplitude and/or phase of the impinging light. 7 It should be noted that a single layer of scatterers (due to their Lorentzian-shaped polarizability) only allow for full 2π-phase control of the cross-polarized light component, 8 meaning that such metasurfaces have a theoretical efficiency of maximum 25%, 9 though most realizations show efficiencies of a few percent. 10,11 In order to improve the efficiency of plasmonic metasurfaces, the low-frequency concept of transmit-and reflectarrays has been generalized and adopted to the visible and infrared regimes, where metasurfaces working in transmission consist of several layers in order to reach full phase control and proper impedance matching with surroundings. 9,12 Accordingly, such metasurfaces are quite complex to fabricate at near-infrared and visible frequencies, with a moderate efficiency of ∼ 20 − 50% due to ...

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Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Anisotropic Optical Antenna Metasurfaces with Phase Discontinuities

Cited by 507 publications

References 32 publications

Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses

Ultra-thin, planar, Babinet-inverted plasmonic metalenses

Aberration-Free Ultrathin Flat Lenses and Axicons at Telecom Wavelengths Based on Plasmonic Metasurfaces

Analog Computing Using Reflective Plasmonic Metasurfaces

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