Out-of-plane permeability measurement for reinforcement textiles: A benchmark exercise

Yong, A.X.H.; Aktas, A.; May, David; Endruweit, A.; Advani, Suresh G.; Hubert, Pascal; Abaimov, Sergey G.; Abliz, Dilmurat; Akhatov, Iskander; Ali, Muhammad A.; Allen, Tom; Bickerton, Simon; Brauner, Christian; Brütsch, D.; Caglar, Baris; Çağlar, Hakan; Causse, Philippe; Chiminelli, A.; Cohades, Amaël; Comas-Cardona, Sébastien; Danzi, Mario; Dittmann, Jörg; Dransfeld, Clemens; Ermanni, Paolo; Fauster, Ewald; García-Manrique, Juan Antonio; George, Andrew; Graupner, Robert; Grishaev, Viktor; Guilloux, Antonin; Hancioglu, M.; Harizi, Walid; Herman, Terry; Huang, Wei; Kabachi, Ayyoub; Keller, A.; Kind, K.; Laspalas, Manuel; Lebedev, O. V.; Lizaranzu, M.; Long, A.C.; Masania, Kunal; Michaud, Véronique; Middendorf, Peter; Salvatori, Damiano; Schubnel, R.; Sharp, Nathan; Sozer, Emre; Thomas, Jimmy; Trochu, F.; Umer, Rehan; Valette, J.; Wang, J.H.; Willenbacher, Björn

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106480

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…A S ‐glass satin weave fabric (SF) of areal density 220 g/m 2 from Nanjing fiberglass research and design institute is tested with PMX‐200‐100 cs silicone oil, a substitute fluid specified in Benchmark III. [ 4 ] The fabric contains 18 tows/cm in the warp direction and 14 tows/cm in the weft direction. Each circular specimen has a diameter 114 mm and consists of 17 layers of SF fabric.…”

Section: Experimental Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important because the most common methods to measure K z are based on one-dimensional saturated flows, [13] although unsaturated tests have also been conducted by several investigators. [4,37,38] 4.2 | Geometrical models…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 8–12 ] However, the characterization of

K_{z}

remains a challenge. Differences of about two orders of magnitude were observed between experimental results with the same fibrous reinforcements and test liquid, [ 4 ] although much lower variations (usually under 20%) are expected for measurements with the same measurement system. The observed discrepancy is due to several factors such as material variability, difference in test molds and measurement procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the design of test molds based on unidirectional saturated flows to measure transverse permeability in liquid composite molding

et al. 2022

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Impregnating fibrous preforms through thickness has become a main feature of some liquid composite molding process variants. Thus, the evaluation of transverse permeability is critical to optimize the fabrication and reduce manufacturing defects. Some problems connected with the design of testing devices need to be addressed to perform a reliable characterization. In this study, the efficiency of a typical one‐dimensional testing device to measure transverse permeability is evaluated numerically and experimentally. The paper introduces a novel methodology to identify the optimal mold configuration and evaluate the flow pattern inside the mold cavity. A dimensionless number called the “fill coefficient” is also proposed to evaluate quantitatively the effect of the mold structure on the transverse flow pattern. The measured transverse permeability is shown to increase with lower fill coefficients for saturated and unsaturated flows. The intrinsic transverse permeability is obtained when the fill coefficient is equal to one. The proposed methodology is verified by experiments performed in an existing tool. This confirms that the measured transverse permeability can be significantly affected by the above mentioned factors.

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Section: Experimental Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 8–12 ] However, the characterization of

K_{z}

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the design of test molds based on unidirectional saturated flows to measure transverse permeability in liquid composite molding

et al. 2022

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“…Yong et al [10] presented large discrepancies in liquid cross-plane permeability of glass fiber fabrics measured in 26 laboratories. However, the filter, membrane and fabric materials present no extraordinary challenges regarding the gas permeability measurements especially when determining the cross-plane steady state permeability as seen in [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Unsteady State Method of Measuring Permeability Tested on Fabric Materials

Sitar¹

2022

sv-jme

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The necessity of measuring permeability is encountered in number of applications and some of them have adequate measurement techniques available. However, in the fields of freeze drying, composite scaffolds, 3D printed materials, etc., the sample materials have unique shapes and sizes, which disables the use of standardized equipment. Hence, a novel method was developed to determine the permeability of a sample material by analyzing a high frequency unsteady state pressure measurement acquired during the permeation of a working fluid. The method is also suitable for in-line measurements due to the rapid acquisition and analysis. The developed method is novel, hence a comparison of the acquired results and the permeabilities measured with a standard device designed for measuring air permeability of fabric materials was made. Air was the permeating fluid in the novel unsteady state as well as in the referential steady state measurements. The measured permeabilities ranged from approximately 8 Da to 50 Da for the analyzed five fabric materials. The comparative analysis yielded an encouraging linear fit with a R2 = 0.98 by including only one unsteady state measurement of each fabric sample. In addition, the presented method was capable of detecting the difference in permeability of the freeze-dried 5 wt% and 12 wt% aqueous mannitol solutions, which exhibit different permeabilities due to the different porosities after the same process of lyophilization. The possibility of determining permeabilities of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals is essential for lyophilization process optimization.

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“…with the volume-averaged fluid velocity ṽ, the viscosity μ, the pressure gradient ∇p and the permeability K. A lot of effort is put into the experimental characterization of in-plane and out-ofplane permeability on macro-scale (Arbter et al, 2011;Vernet et al, 2014;Magagnato and Henning 2015;May et al, 2019;Yong et al, 2021). As the experimental cost is high, also attempts to characterize the permeability based on analytical, empirical or numerical methods are made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Scale Permeability Characterization of Carbon Fiber Composites Using Micrograph Volume Elements

et al. 2021

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To manufacture a high-performance structure made of continuous fiber reinforced plastics, Liquid Composite Molding processes are used, where a liquid resin infiltrates the dry fibers. For a good infiltration quality without dry spots, it is important to predict the resin flow correctly. Knowledge of the local permeability is an essential precondition for mold-filling simulations. In our approach, the intra-bundle permeability parallel and transverse to the fibers is characterized via periodic fluid dynamic simulations of micro-scale volume elements (VE). We evaluate and compare two approaches: First, an approach to generate VEs based on a statistical distribution of the fibers and fiber diameters. Second, an approach based on micrograph images of samples manufactured with Tailored Fiber Placement (TFP) using the measured fiber distribution. The micrograph images show a higher heterogeneity of the distribution than the statistically generated VEs, which is characterized by large resin areas. This heterogeneity leads to a significantly different permeability compared to the stochastic approach. In conclusion, a pure stochastic approach needs to contain the large heterogeneity of the fiber distribution to predict correct permeability values.

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Out-of-plane permeability measurement for reinforcement textiles: A benchmark exercise

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

On the design of test molds based on unidirectional saturated flows to measure transverse permeability in liquid composite molding

On the design of test molds based on unidirectional saturated flows to measure transverse permeability in liquid composite molding

Novel Unsteady State Method of Measuring Permeability Tested on Fabric Materials

Micro-Scale Permeability Characterization of Carbon Fiber Composites Using Micrograph Volume Elements

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