“…For instance, older adults aged ≥70 years reporting LBP appeared to be at risk of increased mortality (Zhu et al, 2007;Docking et al, 2015), while there was more uncertainty in cohorts that included both young and old adults, with one study showing an impact on longevity due to LBP and NP (Jordan and Croft, 2010), whereas other studies showed no effect (Heli€ ovaara et al, 1995;K areholt and Brattberg, 1998). Apart from allcause mortality, the conflictive relationship with spinal pain extends to cardiovascular mortality, the number one cause of death globally (Smith et al, 2012). A number of studies have shown an increased mortality risk associated with cardiovascular diseases in people with a history of LBP (Penttinen, 1994), regional and widespread pain (McBeth et al, 2009), while other studies have not found a relationship (Heli€ ovaara et al, 1995;Penttinen, 1995).…”