Our shrinking ozone layer

Pathak, Shashi K.; Mason, Nigel J.

doi:10.1007/bf02834531

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The wavelengths for UV radiation range from 100-400 nm, including UV-A (315-400 nm), UV-B (280-315 nm), and UV-C (100-280 nm) [ 1 ]. While the earth's ozone layer blocks 98.7% of UV radiation from penetrating through the atmosphere, a small percentage of UV, comprising UV-A and some UV-B, can still reach the planet, which can cause harmful effects to humans [ 2 ]. UV-C does not typically reach the surface of the planet, but due to its ability to cause DNA damage it is often used as a model for UV study in the laboratory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring nanoparticles from English ivy: an alternative to metal-based nanoparticles for UV protection

et al. 2010

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BackgroundOver the last decade safety concerns have arisen about the use of metal-based nanoparticles in the cosmetics field. Metal-based nanoparticles have been linked to both environmental and animal toxicity in a variety of studies. Perhaps the greatest concern involves the large amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles that are used in commercial sunscreens. As an alternative to using these potentially hazardous metal-based nanoparticles, we have isolated organic nanoparticles from English ivy (Hedera helix). In this study, ivy nanoparticles were evaluated for their potential use in sunscreens based on four criteria: 1) ability to absorb and scatter ultraviolet light, 2) toxicity to mammalian cells, 3) biodegradability, and 4) potential for diffusion through skin.ResultsPurified ivy nanoparticles were first tested for their UV protective effects using a standard spectrophotometric assay. Next the cell toxicity of the ivy nanoparticles was compared to TiO2 nanoparticles using HeLa cells. The biodegradability of these nanoparticles was also determined through several digestion techniques. Finally, a mathematical model was developed to determine the potential for ivy nanoparticles to penetrate through human skin. The results indicated that the ivy nanoparticles were more efficient in blocking UV light, less toxic to mammalian cells, easily biodegradable, and had a limited potential to penetrate through human skin. When compared to TiO2 nanoparticles, the ivy nanoparticles showed decreased cell toxicity, and were easily degradable, indicating that they provided a safer alternative to these nanoparticles.ConclusionsWith the data collected from this study, we have demonstrated the great potential of ivy nanoparticles as a sunscreen protective agent, and their increased safety over commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring nanoparticles from English ivy: an alternative to metal-based nanoparticles for UV protection

et al. 2010

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“…According to numerous studies, ultraviolet radiation is a significant and dangerous factor to humans in the development of various diseases, including epidermal cancers of the skin. Despite the fact that the Earth's ozone layer blocks ~ 98.7% of UV radiation from penetrating through the atmosphere, a relatively small part of the total amount of solar radiation, including UV-A and some of the UV-B, reaches the Earth's surface, and can be harmful to person [133][134][135]. UV-C is generally do not reach the Earth's surface, but because of its ability to cause DNA damage, this area of the spectral range is often used in the modeling of UV in the laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sun Protective Means: The Characteristics and Action Efficiency

Leenson

Beckman²,

Крутикова

et al. 2013

MSF

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Modern sun protective means (SPM) represent complex compositions of substances which provide effective protection of a person’s skin against sunlight. Organic and inorganic sun protective filters (sunscreens) or combinations of them are used as the active components of SPM. Organic sunscreens absorb ultraviolet radiation due to the presence of chromophores in their structure; while action of inorganic sunscreens is based on physical mechanism of protection, such as dispersion, absorption and reflection of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by inorganic particles. Silicon nanocrystals have attracted increasing attention as a new promising sun protective agent. They possess extremely high extinction coefficient in UV region of the spectrum and at the same time are transparent for visible light. The combination of physical properties related to the quantum size effect of silicon nanoparticles and their biological compatibility allows the development of highly effective sun protective skincare compositions. Efficiency and quality of SPM depend on many factors. The variety of known sunscreens allows finding optimum structures for creation of the most effective sun protective means. The review of the literature presented is devoted to consideration of existing SPM, their characteristics and effective properties. Then a comparative analysis of a totally new sun protective material based on silicon nanocrystals with known, widely used UV protectors is performed.

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“…An excessive exposure of UV-B radiation, leads to suppression of the immune system which in turn make the body more vulnerable to herpes simplex virus, acne, and skin lesion, etc [3]. UV-C is completely absorbed by the ozone layer [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%