Ottoman Imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521-1555

Fischer-Galaţi, Stephen

doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674334014

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Renewed hostilities on the Hungarian front, beginning in 1551, led to the largest sustained military expenditures of his reign, throwing him back further on their financial support. 78 At the same time, even after the Schmalkaldic League was broken, they retained the upper hand. Charles, in 1552, avowed it himself: after he received the Passau agreement to sanction Lutheranism from Ferdinand, the younger brother broke down, beseeching him to concur, otherwise 'his lands would be squeezed between the [German] princes and the Porte'; Charles met him half-way, saying that he did not wish the Roman King's 'entire ruin and [that] of his children'.…”

Section: Ferdinand's Imperial Religionspolitikmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

Chisholm

2008

European History Quarterly

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The present study aims to settle a long-standing historiographical disagreement: where historians of the Habsburg dynasty have traditionally seen Emperor Ferdinand I as a Catholic moderate, those of the Tyrol have traditionally viewed him as a Catholic zealot. On the basis of original archival research, it argues in favour of the former interpretation. Though Ferdinand officially condemned Lutheranism, he tacitly tolerated the religion, whether in the Tyrol or elsewhere in Central Europe. To his way of thinking, religious co-existence was not an end in itself, but rather a temporary expedient pending the reunion of Catholicism, Utraquism and Lutheranism under the umbrella of a reformed universal Church. This interpretation follows from a perception of the Empire as a still vital political organism; thus, more than any one territory, the Reformation was a struggle over the religion of the Empire. This paper is divided into three parts. The first looks at the Tyrolean Reformation as a historical problem. The second offers a close case study of Ferdinand's Religionspolitik in the Tyrol. The third centres on Ferdinand's Religionspolitik in Germany and Bohemia.

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Section: Ferdinand's Imperial Religionspolitikmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

Chisholm

2008

European History Quarterly

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“…6,7 This was the time when the Ottomans encountered the Habsburgs both in Southeastern Europe and in the Mediterranean as their chief rivals. Interestingly however, this confrontation was not entirely a religious one, that is to say, between Christianity and Islam, notwithstanding the ideology of the medieval holy war that continued to play an important role on both sides.…”

Section: European Balance Of Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe

Adanır¹

2005

European Review

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From the start, Turkey's aspirations to join the European Union aroused considerable opposition. Recently, the debate has focused increasingly on supposed disparities in the spheres of culture, politics or mentality, implying that this Muslim country would not be able to comply with European norms and values. Supporters of Turkey's candidacy, on the other hand, have pointed out that Turkey has always been an important element of the European balance of power and was, in the nineteenth century, even a member of the Concert of Europe. Both sides invoke history to justify their arguments. The present paper examines the evolution of the European state system and the major stages in the history of the Turkish–European relationship, with a view to arriving at a more balanced judgement. It can be shown that new concepts, such as state interest and balance of power, had already begun in the sixteenth century to undermine the old theological worldview and, beginning with the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was treated – at least de facto – as an actor that observed fully the norms of European public law (jus publicum Europeum). However, a de jure recognition of the Empire's status had to wait until the Treaty of Paris (1856), but even then it did not include an effective guarantee of Ottoman territorial integrity.

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“…According to one theory, it was the Ottoman Empire's prowess and its European conquests that aided and abetted the Reformation. A number of historians, such as Benz (1949), Fischer-Galati (1959), Setton (1962), Coles (1968), Inalcik (1973), Kortepeter (1972), Shaw (1976), Goffman (2002), and MacCulloch (2003) have articulated as such. 2 Utilizing a comprehensive data set on violent conflicts for the interval between 1401 and 1700 CE, I show that the incidence of military engagements between the Protestant Reformers and the Counter-Reformation forces did depend negatively and statistically significantly on the Ottomans' military activities in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luther and Suleyman^*

İyigün¹

2008

Quarterly Journal of Economics

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Ottoman Imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521-1555

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe

Luther and Suleyman^*

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Ottoman Imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521-1555

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol1 and the Holy Roman Empire

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol1 and the Holy Roman Empire

Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe

Luther and Suleyman*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521—1564): Tyrol¹ and the Holy Roman Empire

Luther and Suleyman^*