Ottawa 3 Clonal Apple Rootstock

Cultural and Environmental Factors Associated with Winter Injury to Apple in Northern Eastern Canada

“…While there have been many studies of cold resistance and metabolic change in Malus woody tissue, (Brown, 1978;Khanizadeh et al, 1989aKhanizadeh et al, , 1989bKhanizadeh et al, , 1992aKhanizadeh et al, , 1994Li, 1987;Sakai and Larcher, 1987), types of freezing injury (Granger, 1981;Weiser, 1970); breeding hardy cultivars or using hardy intermediate framestocks (Granger et al, 1991(Granger et al, , 1992(Granger et al, , 1993Spangelo et al, 1974;Stushnoff, 1972); inactivating ice-nucleating bacteria (Lindow and Connell, 1984;Lindow et al, 1989); use of chemical cryoprotectants (Ketchie and Murren, 1976); cultural manipulation to slow growth and induce wood maturity in early autumn (Collins et al, 1978;Stang et al, 1978); and autumn sprays of growth regulators to delay bud break, no study has been done of the relationship between the cultivar, rootstock, environmental conditions and cultural practices in relation to winter injury in Quebec orchards.…”

Breeding Apple Rootstocks

“…Liners are spinefree and thrifty and have excellent bud take. Despite its useful characteristics, Ottawa 3 has not been accepted by the nursery trade because it is so difficult to propagate in the stoolbed; however, if that deficiency can be overcome by new techniques such as micropropagation (Cheng 1978), Ottawa 3 should attain some commercial stature as a hardy replacement for M.9 and M.26 (Heeney 1977;Nelson 1978;Spangelo et al 1974).…”

“…baccata and M . prunifolia (Spangelo 1971(Spangelo , 1974Budagovsky 1971; T. Shen, personal communication). In Poland, various 'Antonovka' clones have been used as sources of increased hardiness (Zagaja 1974).…”

“…As far as we know, only the Ottawa clonal and hybrid seedling series were pretested for sensitivity before introduction (Spangelo 1971;Spangelo et al 1974;M. Welsh, personal communication).…”

Plant Breeding Reviews

“…In Canada, in the USSR, and in China, for example, increased hardiness has been sought from M. baccata and M. prunifolia (Spangelo 1971(Spangelo , 1974Budagovsky 1971;T. Shen, personal communication).…”