2017
DOI: 10.1177/2333794x17749668
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Otitis Media in Fully Vaccinated Preschool Children in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era

Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on the burden of acute otitis media (AOM) and to evaluate the characteristics of AOM versus otitis media with effusion (OME) in the 2 PCV periods. Methods. A cohort of fully vaccinated children aged 18 to 60 months diagnosed with AOM from 2006 to 2015 was identified. Patients with otorrhea/bulging tympanic membrane were considered as true AOM, while those without bulging/otorrhea were considered to have OME. Burden of true AOM in the … Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…This most likely reflects the effect of immunization with PCV7 on the epidemiology in otitis-prone children [ 49 ]. Previous studies conclude the following: (i) PCV7 effectively prevents AOM (reduced visits and antimicrobial prescriptions for OM) [ 59 , 60 ], while it also reduces otitis-prone cases (reduced VT placement) [ 20 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]; (ii) serotype replacement was noted, especially by 19A which was reported to be highly resistant and implicated in complicated AOM [ 63 , 64 ]; (iii) no significant reduction in acute mastoiditis caused by S. pneumoniae [ 60 ]; (iv) significant reduction up to 97% was noted for invasive pneumococcal diseases in comparison to moderate reduction in OM visits (6–9%) [ 65 ]; (v) changes of a predominant pathogen for AOM between S. pneumoniae (pre-PCV era), H. influenzae and non-PCV7 pneumococcal serotypes (post-PCV era) [ 49 ], and (vi) early pneumococcal immunization is very important as there seems to be no reduction in AOM when PCV7 was administered in patients with RAOM [ 60 ]. Early pneumococcal OM (<6 months) causes middle ear damage that predisposes to otitis-prone conditions from non-vaccine serotypes and other otopathogens, mainly non-typeable H. influenzae [ 66 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This most likely reflects the effect of immunization with PCV7 on the epidemiology in otitis-prone children [ 49 ]. Previous studies conclude the following: (i) PCV7 effectively prevents AOM (reduced visits and antimicrobial prescriptions for OM) [ 59 , 60 ], while it also reduces otitis-prone cases (reduced VT placement) [ 20 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]; (ii) serotype replacement was noted, especially by 19A which was reported to be highly resistant and implicated in complicated AOM [ 63 , 64 ]; (iii) no significant reduction in acute mastoiditis caused by S. pneumoniae [ 60 ]; (iv) significant reduction up to 97% was noted for invasive pneumococcal diseases in comparison to moderate reduction in OM visits (6–9%) [ 65 ]; (v) changes of a predominant pathogen for AOM between S. pneumoniae (pre-PCV era), H. influenzae and non-PCV7 pneumococcal serotypes (post-PCV era) [ 49 ], and (vi) early pneumococcal immunization is very important as there seems to be no reduction in AOM when PCV7 was administered in patients with RAOM [ 60 ]. Early pneumococcal OM (<6 months) causes middle ear damage that predisposes to otitis-prone conditions from non-vaccine serotypes and other otopathogens, mainly non-typeable H. influenzae [ 66 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Approximately 23% of children in the United States (USA) experience an AOM episode before the age of one and about 60% of children experience an AOM episode before the age of three [ 3 ]. AOM is a leading cause of physician office visits and antibiotic prescriptions in children and is associated with medical expenditures of about $4 billion annually in the USA [ 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Αντίθετα, μεταγενέστερες μελέτες αναφέρουν μείωση της ανάγκης τοποθέτησης σωληνίσκων αερισμού73 .Πρόσφατη μετανάλυση αναφέρει σημαντική μείωση τόσο των διεισδυτικών όσο και των μη-διεισδυτικών μορφών πνευμονιοκοκικκών λοιμώξεων 64 , ενώ έχει παρατηρηθεί θετική επίπτωση και στις διεισδυτικές μορφές των μη εμβολιασμένων ατόμων όλων των ηλικιών64 . Η μη εντυπωσιακή ανταπόκριση στο εμβόλιο PCV7 στην κλινική πράξη όπως παρουσιάζεται σε κάποιες μελέτες στα πρώτα χρόνια μετά το PCV763 ή και η στασιμότητα στην περαιτέρω μείωση που παρατηρήθηκε σε κάποιες μελέτες μετά και το PCV13 μεταξύ των 2 περιόδων74 , μπορεί να εξηγηθεί με πολλούς τρόπους. Πρώτον, λόγω του φαινομένου της αντικατάστασης των οροτύπων που συμβαίνει, καθώς μειώνεται η παρουσία των οροτύπων που περιλαμβάνονται στο εμβόλιο φαίνεται ότι αυξάνεται η εμφάνιση αυτών που δεν περιλαμβάνονται σ'αυτό.…”
unclassified
“…Το φαινόμενο αυτό έχει καταγραφεί τόσο στη μικροβιοφορία του ρινοφάρυγγα όσο και στο μέσο ους63 . Δεύτερον, η μείωση ορισμένων οροτύπων πνευμονιοκόκκου με τον εμβολιασμό μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αντικατάσταση όχι μόνο από άλλους οροτύπους πνευμονιοκόκκου αλλά και από άλλα παθογόνα όπως Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenzae ή M. catarrhalis63,74 . Τρίτον, οι Straetemans et al θεωρούν ότι η ΜΩΥ δεν οφείλεται σε λοίμωξη από S.pneumoniae αλλά προκαλείται από νεκρά βακτήρια και άλλες ουσίες που συντηρούν αυτή τη χρόνια φλεγμονή.…”
unclassified
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