Otitis Media and Eustachian Tube Caliber

Nw, Todd

doi:10.3109/00016488309105592

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Experimentally induced obstruction of the eustachian tube [25,26] causes inflammatory changes of the middle ear mucosa, while the caliber and the length of the eustachian tube seem to be correlated with the pneumatization of the temporal bone and middle ear disease [27][28][29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical-Morphological Correlation of Nasal Obstruction with Skull Base Development and Otitis media

Maurizi¹,

Scarano²,

Frusoni³

et al. 1998

ORL

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Morphological changes of the middle ear were investigated by means of microotoscopy and scanning electron microscopy in 40 developing Albino rats. In 20 one nostril (group B) and in 20 both nostrils (group C) had been experimentally obstructed. 20 rats were used as controls (group A). Microotoscopy and scanning electron microscopy on the middle ear mucosa were performed when the animals were 2 months old, i.e. at 90% of their development. At microotoscopy the tympanic membranes, homolateral to the obstructed nostril, proved to be abnormal in 81% of group B rats and in almost all rats belonging to group C. Scanning electron microscopy, performed after the bullae had been removed, showed the following epithelial surface changes of the middle ear homolaterally to the obstructed nostril: (a) a significant increase of nonciliated elements with a secretory behavior as compared to controls, even of the floor where normally a large number of ciliated cells is present; (b) several ciliated cells were destroyed and their cilia were irregular and untidy; (c) thick mucous secretions covered the floor of the tympanic bulla; and (d) squamous metaplasia of the hypotympanic epithelium. Extrarotation of the eustachian tubes and developmental abnormalities of the skull base in growing rats, caused by nasal obstruction, seem to be able to induce pathological events of the middle ear.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical-Morphological Correlation of Nasal Obstruction with Skull Base Development and Otitis media

Maurizi¹,

Scarano²,

Frusoni³

et al. 1998

ORL

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“…The outline of pneu matization on the radiographic image was traced onto paper. In contrast to the method of excluding the antrum region on the tracings [Diamant, 1940;Stangerup and Tos, 1986], this region was included, as Andreasson and Mortensson [1975] and Todd [1983] had done. The mean of two planimetry measurements of each image was used; if the initial two measure ments did not agree within 0.5 cm2 of each other, then the mean of a total of four measurements was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Abnormal Appearance of Tympanic Membrane with Minimal Temporal Bone Pneumatization

Nw¹

1987

ORL

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The association of abnormal tympanic membrane appearance with minimal pneumatization of the temporal bone was studied in 28 unilateral formalin-fixed cadaver specimens. The photographic appearance of each tympanic membrane was judged by seven otolaryngologists, and a normalcy score determined. The normalcy score of the tympanic membranes had a weak association (τ = 0.27, p < 0.05) with pneumatization volume, as determined by computed tomography. The same trend, though not statistically significant, was found with pneumatization area determined by lateral radiographs. For cross-sectional surveys, the otitis media condition is probably best identified by a combination of indicators: bilateral extent of pneumatization as assessed by computed tomography, bilateral appearance of the tympanic membranes, and a history of otitis media.

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“…Todd (1983) observed that cleft palate was an indicator of a large-caliber ET, which seemed a reliable correlate of small mastoid air systems and other manifestations of chronic OM. This genetically determined ET characteristic may account for the prevalence of OM in American Indians, although large ETs are not unique to this group (Todd, 1983;Todd and Bowman, 1985). On the other hand, pneumatization was greatest in the mastoid processes of Eskimos, lower in those of American Indian and white populations, and lowest in those of blacks (Schulter-Ellis, 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%

Otitis media: A problem for the physical anthropologist

Daniel

Schmidt

Fulghum

et al. 1988

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Otitis media, common in children, can result in middle ear structure alteration and hearing loss, and, hence, in language development deficiency. Physical anthropologists are qualified to do innovative research into the causes of this costly disease, which have not yet been delineated. The prevalence of otitis media appears related to age, sex, ethnicity, and environment. Investigation is warranted in areas such as the measurement of variability in eustachian tube, middle ear cleft, and mastoid process anatomy and physiology; the epidemiology and genetic mechanism of otitis media; and the microbiology and immunology as well as pathological studies of cranial variation as it relates to otitis media.Otitis media (OM), one of the most common diseases of childhood, is the problem most frequently seen by pediatricians in the US. Nearly 10% of all pediatric patients are those with OM, and if pediatricians dealt with children during their first year of life only, the estimate would be as high as 50% (Van Cauwenberge, 1985). Acute OM, the presence of fluid in the middle ear, may be accompanied by signs and symptoms including pain, hearing loss, irritability, fever, and malaise. The infection duration can vary from days to months and may result in alteration of middle ear structures, hearing loss, language development deficiency, and increased susceptibility to recurrence. Without the use of antibiotics, the sequelae of chronic OM often include labyrinthitis, meningitis, mastoiditis, tympanic membrane rupture, and cholesteatoma. The younger the age at which OM first occurs, the greater the risk of recurrences (Paradise, 1980). The condition may persist for weeks or months, even after the clinical signs of acute otitis media have already resolved (Shurin et al., 1979).Hearing loss, following from the presence of fluid and/or negative pressure in the middle ear, is a serious complication of OM, and many infected children spend prolonged periods during their first years of life with impaired or fluctuating conductive hearing losses. Chronic OM may also cause a sensorineural hearing lossoften irreversible (Bess, 1983). Katz (1978) even suggested (but never demonstrated) that the central deprivation caused by the peripheral conductive and/or sensorineural loss produces a form of auditory deprivation that can lead to anatomical and physiological changes in the brainstem and higher cortical areas.Of special concern are children who have OM from birth (Pestalozza, 1984) to age 3 years, a particularly common time of occurrence, as this period is critical for language acquisition (Lenneberg, 1967). Children with histories of OM during the first 3 years of life frequently have disturbances in auditory processing, an inconsistent auditory signal making the stream of speech difficult to segment. This difficulty creates confusion in the child's attempts to abstract word meanings and grammatical regularities (Berko-Gleason, 1983). Furthermore, the child's irritability, malaise, 0 1988 Alan R. Liss, Inc. [Vol. 31, 1988 and dec...

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Otitis Media and Eustachian Tube Caliber

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Clinical-Morphological Correlation of Nasal Obstruction with Skull Base Development and Otitis media

Clinical-Morphological Correlation of Nasal Obstruction with Skull Base Development and Otitis media

Association of Abnormal Appearance of Tympanic Membrane with Minimal Temporal Bone Pneumatization

Otitis media: A problem for the physical anthropologist

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