Other Surface Imaging Methods with Electrons

Bauer, E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0935-3_8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) the samples are illuminated with intense, tunable synchrotron radiation (Bauer, 2014). The X-PEEM imaging mode allows one to perform spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to obtain local chemical information.…”

Section: Eiger Performance Measurements With X-peemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) instruments are highly versatile characterization tools that are widely used in a vast range of research fields, from nanomagnetism and surface science to catalysis and battery research (Locatelli & Bauer, 2008;Rodríguez et al, 2010;Cheng & Keavney, 2012;Karim et al, 2017;Leanza et al, 2017). LEEM/PEEM relies on directly imaging photoelectrons locally emitted from the sample surface induced by illumination with an excitation source, such as electrons, UV-light or X-rays (Kuch et al, 2001;Bauer, 2014;Anders et al, 1999;Schneider, 1999). It explores the extreme sensitivity of the photoemitted electron intensity to local variations in the workfunction of the sample surface or to the nature of the excitation source which, combined with the high spatial resolution attainable, can be used to investigate surface science phenomena in LEEM and/or the spectroscopic response of materials in PEEM in real space, down to the nanometre scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy

et al. 2017

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EIGER is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. It is designed for applications at synchrotron light sources with photon energies above 5 keV. Features of EIGER include a small pixel size (75 µm × 75 µm), a high frame rate (up to 23 kHz), a small dead-time between frames (down to 3 µs) and a dynamic range up to 32-bit. In this article, the use of EIGER as a detector for electrons in low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is reported. It is demonstrated that, with only a minimal modification to the sensitive part of the detector, EIGER is able to detect electrons emitted or reflected by the sample and accelerated to 8-20 keV. The imaging capabilities are shown to be superior to the standard microchannel plate detector for these types of applications. This is due to the much higher signal-to-noise ratio, better homogeneity and improved dynamic range. In addition, the operation of the EIGER detector is not affected by radiation damage from electrons in the present energy range and guarantees more stable performance over time. To benchmark the detector capabilities, LEEM experiments are performed on selected surfaces and the magnetic and electronic properties of individual iron nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 8 to 22 nm are detected using the PEEM endstation at the Surface/Interface Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source.

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Section: Eiger Performance Measurements With X-peemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy

et al. 2017

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“…This instrument combines the structural information from LEEM and LEED with the chemical/magnetic sensitivity of XPEEM. 33,34 The lateral resolution was around 10 nm in LEEM mode and 30 nm in XPEEM. 35,36 The energy resolution in photoemission experiments was about 0.15 eV.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Induced Chemical and Structural Transformations in Thin Cobalt Films

Jugovac,

Cojocariu,

Genuzio

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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The effect of annealing and cooling on the structural properties of thin cobalt films possessing either hcp(0001) or fcc(100) crystalline arrangement is studied on clean and carbonreconstructed W(110), respectively. The films grown on a clean W(110) crystal present a surface with hexagonal symmetry and undergo the well-known hcp−fcc structural transition upon annealing to temperatures higher than 700 K, while after cooling down to room temperature, the film is characterized by a laterally heterogeneous morphology featuring different stacking configurations. On carbide-covered W(110), Co grows, instead, in an fcc(100) arrangement with a high level of disorder, for which annealing leads to an improved crystalline order. Further annealing to above 900 K induces an irreversible transition from fcc(100) to hcp(0001) stacking via domain nucleation and growth on a micrometer scale. This recrystallization process is accompanied by a change in the film's chemical composition and magnetic structure. The excess carbon resulting from recrystallization leads to the growth of micrometer-sized graphene islands on top of the hcp regions.

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“…Shadow X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy. We employed XPEEM 62 to probe the surface chemistry and electronic structure of the samples at the nanoscale. XPEEM is strongly surfaceselective.…”

Section: Eis Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of the Solar Water Splitting Efficiency Mediated by Surface Segregation in Ti-Doped Hematite Nanorods

Stanescu

Alun

Dappe

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Band engineering is employed thoroughly and targets technologically scalable photoanodes for solar water splitting applications. Complex and costly recipes are necessary, often for average performances. Here, we report simple photoanode growth and thermal annealing with effective band engineering results. By comparing Ti-doped hematite photoanodes annealed under nitrogen to photoanodes annealed in air, we found a strongly enhanced photocurrent of more than 200% in the first case. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy, we demonstrate that oxidized surface states and increased density of charge carriers are responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity. Surface states are found to be related to the formation of pseudo-brookite clusters by surface Ti segregation. Spectro-ptychography is used for the first time at the Ti L3 absorption edge to isolate Ti chemical coordination arising from pseudo-brookite cluster contribution. Correlated with electron microscopy investigation and density functional theory calculations, the synchrotron spectromicroscopy data unambiguously prove the origin of enhanced PEC activity of N2-annealed Ti-doped hematite nanorods. Finally, we present here a handy and cheap surface engineering method beyond the known oxygen vacancy doping, allowing a net gain in the PEC activity for the hematite-based photoanodes.

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Other Surface Imaging Methods with Electrons

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy

The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy

Thermally Induced Chemical and Structural Transformations in Thin Cobalt Films

Enhancement of the Solar Water Splitting Efficiency Mediated by Surface Segregation in Ti-Doped Hematite Nanorods

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