Other Large Animal Models

Reinwald, Susan; Burr, David B.

doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-293-3_13

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 107 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this manner, compared with other species used in orthopaedic research, sheep and goats have an adequate body weight and long bones, with a macrostructure more similar to humans (Newman et al 1995), despite the bone microstructure of small ruminants being less similar to humans than other animal models such as dogs (Pearce et al 2007). Sheep have a predominance of plexiform bone until 3 to 4 years of age (Newman et al 1995) due to fast growth in weight and size (Reinwald and Burr 2011) and just a predominance of secondary Haversian systems after 7 to 9 years of age with the presence of bone remodelling (Newman et al 1995). Sheep also presents a trabecular bone density, mineralization and subsequently elevated strength relative to humans, that are variable according to skeletal location (Nafei et al 2000, Liebschner 2004), nevertheless the bone mineral composition being apparently similar between small ruminants and humans (Ravaglioli et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone turnover markers in sheep and goat: A review of the scientific literature

Camassa

Diogo

Sousa

et al. 2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are product of bone cell activity and are generally divided in bone formation and bone resorption markers. The purpose of this review was to structure the available information on the use of BTMs in studies on small ruminants, especially for monitoring their variations related to diet, exercise, gestation and metabolic lactation state, circadian and seasonal variations, and also during skeletal growth. Pre-clinical and translational studies using BTMs with sheep and goats as animal models in orthopaedic research studies to help in the evaluation of the fracture healing process and osteoporosis research are also described in this review. The available information from the reviewed studies was systematically organized in order to highlight the most promising BTMs in small ruminant research, as well as provide a wide view of the use of sheep and goat as animal models in orthopaedic research, type of markers and commercial assay kits with cross-reactivity in sheep and goat, method of sample and storage of serum and urine for bone turnover markers determination and the usefulness and limitations of bone turnover markers in the different studies, therefore an effective tool for researchers that seek answers to different questions while using BTMs in small ruminants.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone turnover markers in sheep and goat: A review of the scientific literature

Camassa

Diogo

Sousa

et al. 2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With the help of PBM, T-score could be calculated for each animal. According to the literature, merino land sheep will reach skeletal maturity at the age of three to four years ( Augat et al, 2003 ; Cake et al, 2006 ; Pearce et al, 2007 ; Reinwald & Burr, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 ). Using the core Package in R (Cores of Recurrent Events) ( Yavorska & Burgess, 2017 ) (Version 3.4.0, R Core Team, 2018 ) to assess regression line, quadratic regression, as well as non-parametric regression and the correlation coefficient according to Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ( Figs. 4A and 4B ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the seasonal variation of about 5% in Marino Land Sheep ( Thompson et al, 1995 ) is recapitulative to that of postmenopausal women ( Gerdhem et al, 2004 ). Beside the handling advantage of sheep, the bone size and anatomy is most suitable for testing biomechanical and biological properties for innovative biomaterials in orthopedic and traumatology, which have to be examined in the original size using same the surgical technique planned for the clinical practice ( Egermann, Goldhahn & Schneider, 2005 ; Reinwald & Burr, 2011 ). Whereas in patients, a clear standard defines healthy and diseased bone and allows the interpretation of biological mechanisms in response to biomaterials and implants, the baseline of bone density and quality remains unexplored in the sheep model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

DXA reference values of the humanoid sheep model in preclinical studies

Biehl

Schmitt

Stoetzel

et al. 2021

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Merino land sheep are a popular pre-clinical large animal model in research on systemic skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis. Interpretation of studies is difficult because many reference parameters are missing or not established. This study aims to determine the reference parameters of the skeletal system (peak bone mass = PBM, T-Score). A defined standard allows an easier comparison of the study data of the animal model with human studies (T-Score). Materials and methods A total of 116 Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry DXA measurements were performed on 74 untreated sheep. The average age of the animals was 57 months. The BMD, BMC, and fat content of the sheep were determined by the relevant human region of interest (ROI). From this, the PBM and from this the T-score for each of the animals were calculated. Results Using 682 DXA measurements BMD and BMC were determined to provide an indication to PBM. For BMD a significant correlation to the age of the animals was observed (p = 0.043). A significant correlation was also seen for BMC (B) (p ≤ 0.001). In the age-dependent analysis, a widespread of values above the linear regression line was measured for both BMD and BMC between the 50th and 90th months of life. From an age of about 90 months, a wider spread of values below the linear regression line was found, although the average values continued to rise. Discussion The evaluation of the 116 DXA measurements allowed the determination of the PBM for merino land sheep. With the help of the PBM, a T-score was calculated for each animal. The statistical analysis shows significant differences in BMD values between the different animal groups in each of the four ROIs investigated. Individual control or sham groups per study are therefore not sufficient. To improve comparability, an independent reference group should be established. Conclusion An independent reference group for PBM and a T-score was established from four to six-year-old animals. The bone density increases with the age of the animals. Around the fourth year of life, a first peak could be observed. Also, after the seventh year of life, a further peak with the beginning plateau phase was observed. When compiling a group of animals for an osteoporosis model, animals from the age of seven years should, therefore, be used.

show abstract

“…In this manner, compared with other species used in orthopaedic research, sheep and goats have an adequate body weight and long bones, with a macrostructure more similar to humans (NEWMAN et al, 1995), despite the bone microstructure of small ruminants being less similar to humans than other animal models such as dogs (PEARCE et al, 2007). Sheep have a predominance of plexiform bone until 3 to 4 years of age (NEWMAN et al, 1995) due to fast growth in weight and size (REINWALD and BURR, 2011) and just a predominance of secondary Haversian systems after 7 to 9 years of age with the presence of bone remodelling (NEWMAN et al, 1995). Sheep also presents a trabecular bone density, mineralization and subsequently elevated strength relative to humans, that are variable according to skeletal location (NAFEI et al, 2000;LIEBSCHNER, 2004), nevertheless the bone mineral composition being apparently similar between small ruminants and humans (RAVAGLIOLI et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%