Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

Dunn, Robert O.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-62-2.50015-2

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…For utilizing WO as feedstock to produce BD, it is necessary that catalyst must not be deactivated by the presence of FFA contents existing in feedstock. WO employed for the transesterification, in present work, was found to have the 3.8 wt% FFA contents, whereas similar type of oils in literature has been reported to have up to 15 wt% of FFA contents 40 . In a conventional homogeneous catalyzed method, such feedstock mandatorily required two step reactions involving the (i) acid‐catalyzed esterification followed by (ii) alkali‐catalyzed transesterification.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 47%

Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot

Singh

Ali

2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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To prepare the heterogeneous catalyst for the simultaneous transesterification and esterification of waste cooking oil (WO), 12‐tungustophosphoric acid (TPA) and K+ were loaded over alumina. The catalyst structure was confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction analysis while the catalyst composition and the elemental oxidation state by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic study. The surface morphology of the catalyst was established by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The temperature‐programmed desorption study supports the existence of basic and acidic sites over the catalyst surface owing to the presence of potassium oxide and TPA, respectively. Underneath the optimized conditions for reaction, that is, 10 wt% of catalyst with respect to oil, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature, 97% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was obtained within 1.25 h of reaction time. The catalyst was recovered from the reaction mixture via centrifugation and reused in four consecutive runs. Moreover, the presence of high moisture (4 wt%) and free fatty acid (7.8 wt%) contents was not found to have any adverse effect on the catalyst activity. To demonstrate the catalyst stability, the metal content in the reaction mixture was analyzed, and total metal content was found to be less than 2 ppm to hold the catalyst stability. The kinetic study suggests that the reaction follows (pseudo) first‐order kinetic equation with the prepared catalyst.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 47%

Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot

Singh

Ali

2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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“…Emulsions are sometimes referred to as hybrid diesel fuels because of the possibilities of mixing biodiesel with alcohols of low molecular weight, in order to reduce the viscosity with the aid of an amphiphilic compound otherwise known as surfactant [146]. This process employs co-solvents or emulsifiers to promote the required bonding for fuel blends in diverse conditions [142].…”

Section: Types Of Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications

Adeniyi

Azimov

Burluka

2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

349

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An algal feedstock or biomass may contain a very high oil fraction, and thus could be used for the production of advanced biofuels via different conversion processes. Its major advantage apart from its large oil fraction is the ability to convert almost all the energy from the feedstock into different varieties of useful products. In the research to displace fossil fuels, algae feedstock has emerged as a suitable candidate not only because of its renewable and sustainable features but also for its economic credibility based on the potential to match up with the global demand for transportation fuels. Cultivating this feedstock is very easy and could be developed with little or even no supervision, with the aid of wastewater not suitable for human consumption while absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. The overall potential for algae applications generally shows that this feedstock is still an untapped resource, and it could be of huge commercial benefits to the global economy at large because algae exist in millions compared to terrestrial plants. Algae applications are evident for everyday consumption via foods products, non-foods products, fuel, and energy. Biofuels derived from algae have no impact on the environment and the food supply unlike biofuels produced from crops. However, any cultivation method employed could control the operating cost and the technicalities involved, which will also influence the production rate and strain. The scope of this paper is to review the current status of algae as a potential feedstock with diverse benefit for the resolution of the global energy demand, and environmental pollution control of GHG.

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“…Though high saturation makes biodiesel from animal fats and oils an excellent fuel with respect to energy content and Cetane number, poor perform in cold temperatures is a great challenge. Furthermore, high saturation and water content of animal fats and oils make alkaline transesterification a difficult process (Knothe, 2005). Also it has been reported that animal fats and oils may not be plentiful enough to satisfy the current global demands (Atabani et al, 2012;Bhuiya et al, 2016).…”

Section: Feedstock For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, sodium methoxide is more effective than NaOH because mixing NaOH and alcohol forms water, which affects the yield of biodiesel (Moser, 2009). This is why we need to add catalyst to alcohol first and then alkoxide (a mixture of alcohol and catalyst) is mixed with the fats or oil during transesterification process (Knothe, 2005).…”

Section: Main Factors Affecting the Yield Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Mixed Castor Seed and Microalgal Oils: Characterization and Optimization Studies

Beyene

Abagisa²,

Kebede

2020

Preprint

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In order to lower the high prices of individual feedstock, extend the life of a more limited feedstock and to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel it imperative to optimize process parameters for biodiesel derived from mixed feedstocks. Samples of castor seeds were collected from Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia while sample of wet microalgal biomass was obtained from wastewater stabilization ponds using a 60µm filter screen. The castor seeds and algal biomass were sun-dried before further dried at 800C in an oven and ground to pastes. Oils were extracted from dried and milled castor seeds and micro-algae pastes with a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol. The extracted oil was purified and characterized before converted to biodiesel. A transesterification process designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters from mixed oil using alkaline catalyst. The Design Expert® 12 software was used to analysis experimental results. The effects of catalyst concentration, ethanol to mixed oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were investigated using the experimental results. Accordingly, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from mixed oil were a catalyst concentration of 1.23 % w.t of the oil, alcohol to mixed oil molar ratio of 5.94:1 (v/v) and reaction temperature of 51.300C. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93.88%. Experiment was conducted under the specified optimum conditions to validate the result predicted by the software. The yield of biodiesel from the experiment was 93.36% which is very close to the value predicted by the software. The fatty acid composition of the biodiesel from mixed oil was analyzed using Gas chromatograph. The various fuel properties of biodiesel were determined using standard methods and results were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The physicochemical properties fulfill both standards.

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Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

Cited by 8 publications

References 96 publications

Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot

Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot

Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications

Production of Biodiesel from Mixed Castor Seed and Microalgal Oils: Characterization and Optimization Studies

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