“…Bullying continues to be a social problem in Japan (Akiba, 2004;Naito and Gielen, 2005). Some studies note that ostracism is considered to be a much harsher penalty in Japan than in the US and other Western countries (Kanetsuna et al, 2006;Williams, 2007;Ramseyer and Rasmusen, 2020). In the literature on public good experiments, Maier-Rigaud et al (2010) find that introducing ostracism increases contributions to public goods.…”