Osteoporosis in children: pediatric and pediatric rheumatology perspective: a review

Abstract

It is increasingly recognized that osteoporosis affects children as well as adults both as a primary problem and as secondary to various diseases, medications, and lifestyle issues. In this review, we emphasize the correct diagnosis of osteoporosis in children as opposed to adults, etiology, and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatments. We especially focus on rheumatologic conditions associated with osteoporosis and management issues.

Evaluation of vitamin D levels in children hospitalized with symptoms suggesting metabolism disorders in skeleton system

“…W związku z tym witamina D wydaje się czynnikiem niezmiernie istotnym dla rozwoju kośćca, a jej niedobory mogą nieść ze sobą trwałe konsekwencje dla szkieletu. Ciężki, jawny klinicznie niedobór witaminy D może skutkować krzywicą (w kości rosnącej) lub osteomalacją (po zamknięciu chrząstek wzrostowych), natomiast umiarkowany (subkliniczny) niedobór prowadzi do wtórnej nadczynności przytarczyc i zwiększonego obrotu kostnego, co w konsekwencji może objawiać się złamaniami kości i rozwojem osteoporozy [14][15][16].…”

Rapid Correction of Bone Mass after Parathyroidectomy in an Adolescent with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

“…Despite limitations in providing true volumetric BMD, its widespread availability, speed, and minimal radiation exposure have resulted in increasing use in children. The availability of pediatric reference data (9) has further made the interpretation of this technique more useful in the clinical setting (10). However in most reported cases of childhood primary hyperparathyroidism, DXA has not been widely used to evaluate the degree of bone mineral deficit or the recovery of bone mass following treatment.…”

Bone disorders in children and adolescents with chronic HCV infection

“…With regard to the pharmacological treatment of bone disorders in children, bisphosphonate therapy must be seen as an essential component of a complex therapeutic regimen for primary or secondary osteoporosis. Recently the use of these drugs is increasing even in pediatric population and their positive effect in improving bone mineral density is encouraging; nevertheless, the optimal duration of oral or intravenous therapies is unknown and their effectiveness in fracture prevention and their long-term efficacy and safety is still uncertain (12). Finally, in HCV infected young patients the most effective strategy against the underlying disease is based on the combination of Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFN) and Ribavirin and may contribute to the secondary osteopenia and osteoporosis management.…”