“…Factors causing aberrant bone metabolism, including co-infections, severe trauma, advanced age, postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone metastases, use of certain medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, diuretics, etc. ), autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), renal insufficiency, hyperparathyroidism function, hereditary bone disease, and diabetes mellitus affect the bone conversion process through varied and complex pathways [ [3] , [4] , [5] ]. However, they all lead to increased osteoclast bone resorption and decreased osteoblast bone formation, resulting in a metabolic imbalance in the systemic or local skeletal microenvironment [ 6 ].…”