Osteolytic osteomyelitis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a dog

Souza, Alda Izabel de; Juliano, R. S.; Gomes, Tatiana Scanoni; Diniz, Soraia; Borges, Álan Maia; Tafuri, Wagner Luiz; Santos, Renato L.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.01.008

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Granulomatous inflammation characterized by infiltration and/or proliferation of macrophages, histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and sometimes neutrophils and eosinophils, seems especially important for lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, liver, intestine, bone, male genital system and mucosal lesions 16,94,97,181,198,241–250 . Immune‐mediated mechanisms, on the other hand, seem to have a pivotal role in renal pathology 251 .…”

Section: Pathomechanisms Of Systemic Clinical Signs and Laboratory Abmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications

Saridomichelakis

2009

Veterinary Dermatology

115

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Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum (Syn. L. chagasi) is an important zoonosis with a complex pathogenesis. Parasite transmission occurs via female sandflies that inject promastigotes into the skin of the host. The interaction between the parasite and skin immune system is influenced by the repeated infectious bites and the simultaneous intradermal injection of sandfly saliva. Amastigotes are transported via infected macrophages to the regional lymph nodes and finally dissemination may occur. The outcome of the infection depends on host factors (genetic background, cell-mediated and humoral immune response, cytokine milieu, concurrent diseases) and parasite virulence. Resistance may be breed-associated; it is characterized by low to undetectable antibody production and effective cell-mediated immunity, and is orchestrated by cytokines such as interleukin-2, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Susceptibility may be genetically determined or acquired (advanced age, concurrent diseases); in these dogs, parasite multiplication goes unrestricted and overproduction of specific and nonspecific antibodies occurs, leading to multiple organ pathology. Resistance or susceptibility is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon and many intermediate phenotypes may be found. From a diagnostic point of view, although clinical cases are readily identified using microscopy and serology, investigation should not stop at this point and an extensive search for underlying diseases is advised, especially in aged dogs. Conversely, microscopy and conventional serology are frequently negative in asymptomatic infected dogs; to identify such dogs, polymerase chain reaction, evaluation of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation test to Leishmania antigen, and Western blotting may be employed.

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Section: Pathomechanisms Of Systemic Clinical Signs and Laboratory Abmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bone involvement is more common than clinically suspected and caused by granulomatous osteomyelitis secondarily to the haematogenous spread of the parasite 247,252 . Both proliferative and lytic lesions are seen radiographically 252 …”

Section: Pathomechanisms Of Systemic Clinical Signs and Laboratory Abmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications

Saridomichelakis

2009

Veterinary Dermatology

115

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“…Musculoskeletal lesions, and in particular arthritis and polyarthritis, have been occasionally reported associated with CL (Spreng et al 1993, Wolschrijn et al 1996, Buracco et al 1997, Blaviet et al 2001, McConkey et al 2002, Agut et al 2003, De Souza et al 2005, Santos et al 2006. It has been hypothesised that Leishmania can cause arthritis by two mechanisms, one being the direct presence of the parasite within the joint, which can cause a granulomatous inflammatory reaction (Turrel & Pool 1982, Blavier et al 2001, Agut et al 2003, and the second being a type III hypersensitivity reaction, with deposition of immune complexes within the joint (Blavier et al 2001, Agut et al 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study of 14 cases of canine arthritis secondary to Leishmania infection

Sbrana¹,

Marchetti²,

Mancianti

et al. 2014

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…The clinical and radiographic abnormalities of the left tibia could be the result of an osteomyelitis, which can be a manifestation of Leishmania or Hepatozoon infections [22,27]. To prove this suspicion and to differentiate the lesion from other inflammatory and neoplastic lesions, a bone biopsy should have been performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

False positive antigen test for Dirofilaria immitis after heat treatment of the blood sample in a microfilaremic dog infected with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

et al. 2020

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Background Dirofilaria immitis is responsible for heartworm disease in dogs in endemic areas worldwide. Screening for this infection is done by blood tests. Antigen testing is the most sensitive method to detect an infection with adult (female) worms. Microscopic examination of a blood smear or Knott’s test can be used to detect circulating microfilariae, the infective larvae. To increase the sensitivity of the antigen test by decreasing the false negative test results, heating of the blood sample has been recommended in recent guidelines. Heating is believed to remove blocking immune-complexes. Circulating microfilariae are not specific findings for heartworm infection, as other nematodes (among others, Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides) can also result in microfilaremia. Although the type of microfilariae cannot be determined by microscopy alone, real-time PCR can reliably identify the infecting nematode species. Correct identification of the parasite is of major importance, as an infection with D. immitis requires antiparasitic therapy, whereas A. dracunculoides is thought to be a clinically irrelevant coincidental finding. The present case report describes a microfilaremic dog where the initial antigen test for D. immitis turned positive after heat treatment, whereas real-time PCR revealed that the microfilariae were A. dracunculoides (syn. Dipetalonema dracunculoides). Results A circa 5-year old, asymptomatic Spanish mastiff dog was referred for heartworm therapy because microfilariae were found via a screening blood test. The dog was recently imported to the Netherlands from Spain, where it had been a stray dog. Antigen tests on a plasma sample for D. immitis were performed with three different test kits, which all turned out to be negative. However, heat treatment of two of these samples were carried out and both of them led to a positive antigen test result. Real-time PCR showed that the circulating microfilariae belonged to A. dracunculoides species. Three administrations of moxidectin spot-on at monthly intervals resulted in a negative antigen and a negative Knott’s tests one month after the last treatment. Conclusions We conclude that heat treatment of initially negative blood samples for D. immitis could lead to false positive antigen test results if the dog is infected with A. dracunculoides.

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Osteolytic osteomyelitis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a dog

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications

Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications

Retrospective study of 14 cases of canine arthritis secondary to Leishmania infection

False positive antigen test for Dirofilaria immitis after heat treatment of the blood sample in a microfilaremic dog infected with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

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