Osteological Development of the Vertebral Column and Caudal Complex in Larval and Juvenile Blackhead Seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Perciformes, Sparidae) (Bleeker, 1854)

Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Its Impact on Growth, Blood Properties, and Vertebral Column of Freshwater Fish Mahseer, Tor tambroides Juveniles

“…These deformities may impair the fish's ability to balance their position in the surrounding water. Earlier published research indicated a decrease in the skeletal deformities of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis [46], an increment in the skeletal deformities of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata [45], and no change in the skeletal deformities of little skate Leucoraja erinacea [44] when exposed to acidified conditions. One hypothesis that could account for the increased vertebral column deformation associated with increased pCO 2 is the continuation of a trade-off between the skeletal structure and bone stiffness.…”

“…Additionally, other research has revealed a higher incidence of abnormalities in vertebral development in juvenile fish exposed to acidified water [37,44]. It has been suggested that axial deviations can occur during early development as a result of abnormal development of the notochord and perinotochordal connective sheet [45], which leads to abnormalities in the vertebral column such as lordosis. These deformities may impair the fish's ability to balance their position in the surrounding water.…”