Osteoinduction

Abstract

Since the discovery of osteoinduction in the early 20th century, innovative biomaterials with osteoinductive potential have emerged. Over the last 50 years, however, our ability to describe biological phenomena accurately has been improved dramatically by advancements in cell and molecular biology. The aim of this review is to divide the osteoinduction phenomenon into 3 principles: (1) mesenchymal cell recruitment, (2) mesenchymal differentiation to bone-forming osteoblasts, and (3) ectopic bone formation in vivo. Furthermore, this review formulates guidelines for in vitro and in vivo experimental testing for accurately defining new biomaterials as osteoinductive. The use of growth factors with osteoinductive potential in periodontal and oral surgery is discussed. These concepts and guidelines aim to guide the future direction of emerging biomaterials in bone regeneration.

In vitro effect of mineralized and demineralized bone allografts on proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells

“…On the other hand, it is stated that mineralized bone allografts have the advantage of providing both the BMP and the minerals necessary to achieve osteoinductive properties and presence of both BMPs and osteoinductive minerals can be the main advantage of FDBAs (Minichetti et al 2004). Although some previous clinical studies reported superior osteoinductive potential of human demineralized bone allografts compared to mineralized types (Piatelli et al 1996;Miron and Zhang 2012;Urist and Strates 2009;Wood and Mealey 2012), to the best of our knowledge, no detailed comparative in vitro study is available in this regard. For example, there is a comparative in vitro study on the effect of soluble materials released from allografts only on proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of mouse myoblast C2C12 cell line (Bormann et al 2010).…”

“…Also, once the matrix mineralization is completed, extracellular calcium deposition Fig. 4 The effect of 20 and 40 mg of partially demineralized (A and B test groups), fully demineralized (C-G test groups) and mineralized (H and I test groups) freeze-dried bone allografts (per well/2 mL culture medium) on bone mineralization in MG-63 cells at 72 h after treatment (non-clear nodules in G group and the osteogenic medium group are marked with arrows) Cell Tissue Bank (indicator of bone formation) can be visualized (Boufker et al 2010;Roberts et al 2011;Miron and Zhang 2012;Beederman et al 2013). Cytotoxicity evaluation is very important for preliminary analysis of biomaterials (such as allografts) and cytotoxicity must be evaluated prior to assessment of cell proliferation and differentiation.…”

“…Most previous reports have focused on osteoconductivity of mineralized bone allografts (providing a suitable structure and surface for cell attachment, proliferation and migration) and osteoinductivity of demineralized bone allografts (providing a biological stimulus and inducing osteoblastic differentiation). Several clinical trials have demonstrated that the efficacy of DFDBA for vital bone formation is greater than that of FDBA, which is due to the greater release of osteoinductive growth factors like soluble bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), especially BMP-2, 4 and 7, inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts (Piatelli et al 1996;Urist and Strates 2009;Miron and Zhang 2012;Wood and Mealey 2012). Although DFDBAs are successfully used for treatment of bone loss and periodontal bone defects, it is reported that due to their rapid resorption, they are not ideal for larger defects such as extraction sites or augmentation of the maxillary sinus or mandibular ridge (Feuille et al 2003;Avila et al 2010).…”

Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice

“…It should be easily molded into the bone defect within a short setting time. It should be osteoconductive, osteoinductive [11] and resorbable. It should be possibly traceable in vivo; to this aim radiolucency is ideal to allow optimal radiographic assessment.…”

Cellular behavior as a dynamic field for exploring bone bioengineering: A closer look at cell–biomaterial interface

“…The use of stem cells to repair organs and injured tissues opens new avenues to a new era of possibilities inside the medical/dental fields, referred to as regenerative medicine [13]. Over the last few years, regenerative medicine has brought a revolutionary potential comparable to historic discoveries, as was the case with penicillin.…”