Osteogenesis of antlers investigated by histological and histochemical methods

Wislocki, George B.; Weatherford, Harold L.; Singer, Marcus

doi:10.1002/ar.1090990305

Cited by 43 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The calcification and alkaline phosphatase activity observed in the early phase of chondrogenesis appears to be in accord with the findings of Wislocki et al [1], Apposition of bone as observed on calcified cellular cartilage differs in a strict sense from typical endochondral ossification in which bone isdeposited on calcified noncellular matrix. Assuming that the outmost cells of the carti laginous partitions, termed 'pre-osseous tissue' [8], have degenerated and become resorbed before bone apposi tion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This reasoning supports the concept of metaplasia in antlers, as suggested by Wislocki et al [1] and Goss [2], and seems to be further corroborated by the fact that, while chondroclasts were observed on the surfaces and within the depths of the cartilaginous columns by Banks [3], no clastic activity has been reported in the area of the cartilaginous core surrounded by osseous tissue. Thus the matrix change occurs as a gradual event, as indicated by the diffuseness of the diminishing metachromasia at a rel atively late stage in the ossification sequence ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Despite considerable research on bone formation in the developing antler [1][2][3], controversial opinions are still presented particularly regarding the role and fate of carti lage in this process [2,4], The issue has been confused rather than elucidated in various reports by the introduc tion of a multitude of terms for labelling the tissue(s) involved [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ossification of the Antler in the Lapland Reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>)

Rönning

Salo²,

Larmas³

et al. 1990

Cells Tissues Organs

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A histological and histochemical study of biopsy specimens from the Lapland reindeer antler indicated that the intercellular matrix of the cartilage that forms the partitions of longitudinal channels becomes calcified at virtually the initial stage of formation. The lacunae at the peripheries of the cartilaginous partitions are invaded by osteoblasts in a process comparable to endochondral ossification. The very centres of the partitions evidently become directly converted into bone without the presence of e.g. osteoclasts. The osseous partitions are remodelled by osteoclasts. The antler increases in diameter by periosteal apposition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ossification of the Antler in the Lapland Reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>)

Rönning

Salo²,

Larmas³

et al. 1990

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…The frontal lateral crest periosteum of female deer also has antlerogenic potential if it is sufficiently stimulated by exogenous androgen hormones (Wislocki et al, 1947;Jaczewski, 1982), although the only genus in which the females normally develop antlers is Rangifer (Lincoln, 1992). The antler develops through a modified form of mammalian endochondral ossification (ECO) (Banks and Newbrey, 1982a,b), although this was controversial for a long time, as the cartilage-like tissue formed during antler growth is well vascularized.…”

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confidence: 99%

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Suttie

1994

Anat. Rec.

101

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At the pre-pedicle stage, the frontal lateral crest (under 5 mm in height) consisted horizontally of antlerogenic periosteum and underlying cancellous bone. Both the cellular layer (3.74 times, P < 0.01) and the fibrous layer of the antlerogenic periosteum were much thicker than those of the margin of the antlerogenic region or the facial periosteum. The crest was formed through intramembranous ossification. When the pedicle began to develop (5-15 mm in height), some discrete clusters of mature chondrocytes appeared in the bony trabeculae, which signified the beginning of the transition of the ossification pattern from the intramembranous to the endochondral. The pedicle consisted of three portions from distal to proximal, periosteum/perichondrium, osseocartilaginous tissue, and osseous tissue. When the pedicle became visible (about 20 mm in height), it consisted of the same three portions as the pedicle initiation stage, but the osseocartilaginous portion was expanded compared to the initiation stage and the cartilaginous proportion increased distally. When the pedicle grew to 25-40 mm in height, continuous cartilaginous trabeculae appeared under the apical perichondrium. The pedicle consisted of four portions from distal to proximal: perichondrium, cartilaginous tissue, osseocartilaginous tissue, osseous tissue. It was formed through endochondral ossification. All these ossification pattern changes could not be seen externally as the overlying integument was characterised by typical scalp skin. When the pedicle grew to about 60 mm in height, antler tissue was visually apparent at the apex as the hair type changed from scalp hair to the velvet-like hair of growing antler. However, this transformation could not be distinguished internally as the inside tissues were all continuous between pedicle and antler. Therefore, the histogenesis of the deer pedicle and the first antler originated from the antlerogenic cells and covered two phases: an internal phase through which pedicle was formed and an external phase which signalled the beginning of antlerogenesis.

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“…It has been reported in fossil agnathans and placoderms (Ørvig, 1951), in teleosts (e.g., in the kype of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Gillis et al, 2006; in the pharyngeal jaws of some African cichlids, Huysseune, 1985; in bony cysts of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens, Taylor et al, 1994), in mammals (in deer antlers, Wislocki et al, 1947; in the growing skull of human fetuses and infants, e.g., Goret-Nicaise, 1986; at muscle, tendon and ligament attachments of rabbit long bones, Hurov, 1986; in the cat skull, Goret-Nicaise et al, 1984; in miniature pig sutures, Rafferty and Herring, 1999), in crocodiles (in the embryonic skull of Alligator mississippiensis, Vickaryous and Hall, 2008) and in birds (in the skull of chick embryos, Hall, 1971Hall, , 1972Lengelé, 1997;Lengelé et al, 1990Lengelé et al, , 1996aLengelé et al, , 1996bMurray, 1963). It is also found as a transitional tissue in bone sarcomas and tumors of human patients (see Beresford, 1981and Hall, 2005, 2014 in press for full reviews).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Chondroid bone in dinosaur embryos and nestlings (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae): Insights into the growth of the skull and the evolution of skeletal tissues

Bailleul

Behets

Lengelé

et al. 2016

Comptes Rendus Palevol

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In histology textbooks, the vertebrate skeleton is represented as almost entirely made of bone and cartilage. This is a false dichotomy and in fact, a continuum of intermediate tissues between bone and cartilage exists. Chondroid bone ([CB] or chondroid tissue), one of the most well-known intermediate tissues, has been reported in mammals, birds and crocodilians. It accommodates (1) rapid growth of the skull and (2) the development of craniofacial sutures. Since CB is present in the extant phylogenetic bracket of the Dinosauria, we hypothesized that it was also present in non-avian dinosaurs. By means of paleohistological examination and microradiography, we report for the first time the presence of CB in nonavian dinosaur embryos and nestlings (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). It was found in five locations: (1) scattered within the bone trabeculae of an embryonic surangular; (2) and (3) in the coronoid process and in the alveolar processes of an embryonic dentary; (4) in the mandibul... In histology textbooks, the vertebrate skeleton is represented as almost entirely made of bone and cartilage. This is a false dichotomy and in fact, a continuum of intermediate tissues between bone and cartilage exists. Chondroid bone ([CB] or chondroid tissue), one of the most well-known intermediate tissues, has been reported in mammals, birds and crocodilians. It accommodates (1) rapid growth of the skull and (2) the development of craniofacial sutures. Since CB is present in the extant phylogenetic bracket of the Dinosauria, we hypothesized that it was also present in non-avian dinosaurs. By means of paleohistological examination and microradiography, we report for the first time the presence of CB in non-avian dinosaur embryos and nestlings (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). It was found in five locations: (1) scattered within the bone trabeculae of an embryonic surangular; (2) and (3) in the coronoid process and in the alveolar processes of an embryonic dentary; (4) in the mandibular symphyses of an embryonic and a post-hatching dentary; (5) at the fronto-postorbital suture of an embryo. In these areas, CB was present in large amounts, suggesting that it played an important role in the rapid growth of the hadrosaurian skull during embryonic development. Moreover, the CB present in the sutural borders of a Hypacrosaurus frontal suggests that it was also involved in sutural growth, as it has been reported to be in mammalian and avian sutures. This is the first step taken to document and understand dinosaurian sutures from a histological perspective and it sheds light on an old problem by reporting the presence of CB in an additional clade within the Vertebrata. It is parsimonious to propose that CB in the chick embryo, Gallus gallus, the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis and the hadrosaurs of the present study are homologous and that CB arose once and was inherited from their common ancestor.©

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Osteogenesis of antlers investigated by histological and histochemical methods

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Ossification of the Antler in the Lapland Reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>)

Ossification of the Antler in the Lapland Reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>)

Light microscopic studies of pedicle and early first antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Chondroid bone in dinosaur embryos and nestlings (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae): Insights into the growth of the skull and the evolution of skeletal tissues

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