Osteogenesis enhancement using poly (l-lactide-co-d, l-lactide)/poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous scaffolds reinforced by phospho-calcified cellulose nanowhiskers

Abstract

This work aim is to develop hydrophilic and biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering based on poly (L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide) (PLDLLA) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced by phospho-calcified cellulose nanowhiskers (PCCNWs). PCCNWs with inherent hydrophilic properties enhanced the mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and hydrolytic degradation of the nanofibrous.Moreover, calcium phosphate and phosphate functional groups on the surface of PCCNWs possessing act as stimulating agents for cellular activities such as proliferation and differentiation. The Physico-chemical properties of nanofibrous samples including functional groups, contact angle, water up-take, hydrolytic degradation, and tensile properties were measured. The cytotoxicity of PLDLLA/PVA-PCCNWs nanofibrous samples was studied by MTT assay and did not show any toxicity for all nanofibrous samples. Incorporated 1 wt.% of PCCNWs into the PLDLLA/PVA nanofibrous sample showed more enzymatic activities and deposited calcium that were evaluated by Alkaline phosphatase assay (ALP), and calcium content and Alizarin red staining, respectively compared to other samples with 0, 0.1, and 0.5 wt.% of PCCNWs. The micrograph FE-SEM images of the morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on nanofibrous samples after 14 days of cell differentiation showed samples containing PCCNWs had a good potential for bone tissue engineering.

3D printing of cellulose nanocrystals based composites to build robust biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

“…Blending PLA with biopolymers such as cellulose improves the properties of PLA without altering its biocompatibility. PLA/cellulose composites have been widely developed and studies on structural, thermal and mechanical properties have been reported 12,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] . However, even though PLA and cellulose nanocomposites are reported in the literature for tissue engineering applications, we believe that there is still room to develop 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering by FDM which is a rapid and low-cost additive manufacturing technique especially to overcome certain limitations encountered in the PLA, namely the mechanical resistance of the biopolymer.…”

Kiwi extract-incorporated poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/cellulose acetate blend nanofibers for healing acceleration of burn wounds

“…Based on the sessile drop method, a water contact angle (WCA) was performed to evaluate the hydrophilicity of PCL/CA nanofibrous samples with and without kiwi extract 34 . WCA values were measured with a G-10 contact goniometer (Kruss, Germany) using a water droplet dispersed on the sample's surface (n=3).…”

Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional scaffolds made by thermal sintering method

“…Both polymers (PLA and PCL) degrade via cleavage of ester bonds of their backbone and change into acidic monomer that can accelerate the degradation process, and this acidic monomer can be disposed of by normal metabolic pathways from the body. The degradation rate of PLA and PCL is controlled by various factors such as molecular weight, crystallinity, temperature, absorbed water, and solubility of the degradation products (Sung, Meredith et al 2004, Ghaffari-Bohlouli, Zahedi et al 2020, Ghaffari-Bohlouli, Jafari et al 2021.…”

“…Potential weak physical interactions between the PLA and PCL could be attributed to the observed shifts in the FTIR spectra of the scaffolds (Lu and Kazarian 2020).Table1. The FTIR spectra peak assignments of functional groups for the PLA, PCL, and PLA-PCL(Fang, Zhang et al 2010, Ghaffari-Bohlouli, Zahedi et al 2020, Ghaffari- Bohlouli, Jafari et al 2021.…”