Ossification Patterns of the Atlas Vertebra

Junewick, Joseph; Chin, Michael C.; Meesa, Indu Rekha; Ghori, Saima; Boynton, Samuel; Luttenton, Charles R.

doi:10.2214/ajr.10.5403

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…21,22 A CT-based study found 16% incomplete fusion of the posterior synchondrosis in patients over age of 5 year. 23 A recent study reported the C1 morphology and ossification using fine CT images of temporal bone and sinus, and found a complete closure of the posterior synchondrosis in all patients at age of 3 years except for one subject at age of 4 years. 14 The present results showed the posterior synchondrosis closure at age of 4 years except for one subject with partly fusion at age of 8 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Computed Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of Pediatric C1 Posterior Arch Crossing Screw Fixation for Atlantoaxial Instability

Zheng²,

Kong³

et al. 2016

SPINE

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Computed Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of Pediatric C1 Posterior Arch Crossing Screw Fixation for Atlantoaxial Instability

Zheng²,

Kong³

et al. 2016

SPINE

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“…As reported, the very first ossification centers in the spine appear at week 8 in the neural processes of upper cervical vertebrae, i.e., the atlas and axis, and consecutively progress caudad [11, 12]. To date, however, the evolution of linear, planar and spatial dimensions of the neural ossification centers has been established in detail using computed tomography and digital image analysis only for three typical vertebrae: C4 [4], T6 [28] and L3 [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The ossification process in cervical vertebrae is quite intricate and discussable [5, 11, 12, 14–16]. There are three ossification centers per vertebra within cervical vertebrae C3–C7, one in its body and one in either neural arch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are three ossification centers per vertebra within cervical vertebrae C3–C7, one in its body and one in either neural arch. The first two cervical vertebrae are atypical, and their development significantly differs from that of the other cervical vertebrae [5, 11, 15, 16]. In the atlas, the three ossification centers occur: one located in its anterior arch and two located in its posterior arch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

et al. 2016

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PurposesThe knowledge of the developing cervical spine and its individual vertebrae, including their neural processes may be useful in the diagnostics of congenital vertebral malformations. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis with respect to their linear, planar and volumetric parameters.MethodsUsing the methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size of neural ossification centers in the atlas and axis in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWithout any male–female and right–left significant differences, the best fit growth dynamics for the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis were, respectively, modelled by the following functions: for length: y = −13.461 + 6.140 × ln(age) ± 0.570 and y = −15.683 + 6.882 × ln(age) ± 0.503, for width: y = −4.006 + 1.930 × ln(age) ± 0.178 and y = −3.054 + 1.648 × ln(age) ± 0.178, for cross-sectional area: y = −7.362 + 0.780 × age ± 1.700 and y = −9.930 + 0.869 × age ± 1.911, and for volume: y = −6.417 + 0.836 × age ± 1.924 and y = −11.592 + 1.087 × age ± 2.509.ConclusionsThe size of neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis shows neither sexual nor bilateral differences. The neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis grow logarithmically in both length and width and linearly in both cross-sectional area and volume. The numerical data relating to the size of neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis derived from the CT and digital-image analysis are considered specific-age reference values of potential relevance in both the ultrasound monitoring and the early detection of spinal abnormalities relating to the neural processes of the first two cervical vertebrae in the fetus.

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“…In the atlas, three ossification centers were found: one located within the anterior arch and two located within the posterior arch. However, four ossification centers were found in the axis: one in the body, one in the dens and one in either neural arch [7, 13, 15, 17]. Because of flexion–extension at the atlantooccipital joint and rotation at the atlantoaxial joint, 3-dimensional sonographic evaluation of the atlas and axis in utero fetuses may frequently misjudge their malalignment or offset phenomena [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image analysis of ossification centers in the axial dens and body in the human fetus

et al. 2016

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PurposesThe detailed understanding of the anatomy and timing of ossification centers is indispensable in both determining the fetal stage and maturity and for detecting congenital disorders. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the odontoid and body ossification centers in the axis with respect to their linear, planar and volumetric parameters.MethodsUsing the methods of CT, digital image analysis and statistics, the size of the odontoid and body ossification centers in the axis in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWith no sex difference, the best fit growth dynamics for odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis were, respectively, as follows: for transverse diameter y = −10.752 + 4.276 × ln(age) ± 0.335 and y = −10.578 + 4.265 × ln(age) ± 0.338, for sagittal diameter y = −4.329 + 2.010 × ln(age) ± 0.182 and y = −3.934 + 1.930 × ln(age) ± 0.182, for cross-sectional area y = −7.102 + 0.520 × age ± 0.724 and y = −7.002 + 0.521 × age ± 0.726, and for volume y = −37.021 + 14.014 × ln(age) ± 1.091 and y = −37.425 + 14.197 × ln(age) ± 1.109.ConclusionsWith no sex differences, the odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis grow logarithmically in transverse and sagittal diameters, and in volume, while proportionately in cross-sectional area. Our specific-age reference data for the odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis may be relevant for determining the fetal stage and maturity and for in utero three-dimensional sonographic detecting segmentation anomalies of the axis.

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Ossification Patterns of the Atlas Vertebra

Abstract: C1 ossification patterns and timing of synchondrosis fusion are variable. Knowledge of these patterns is important to better differentiate a normal variant from traumatic injury.

Cited by 45 publications

References 11 publications

Computed Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of Pediatric C1 Posterior Arch Crossing Screw Fixation for Atlantoaxial Instability

Computed Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of Pediatric C1 Posterior Arch Crossing Screw Fixation for Atlantoaxial Instability

Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

Digital image analysis of ossification centers in the axial dens and body in the human fetus

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