Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies

Skórzewska, A; Grzymisławska, Małgorzata; Bruska, M; Lupicka, J; Woźniak, W

doi:10.5603/fm.2013.0038

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…According to these authors, this must have mirrored the sequence of ossification of neural processes that followed caudad. As reported by Skórzewska et al [25], in fetuses aged 10–11 weeks, the neural ossification centers existed within all cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, and since week 12, they have already been presented in the neural processes of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. However, Bagnall et al [1–3] observed the onset of ossification in the neural processes at the same time in the cervical and thoracolumbar parts, which indubitably contradicted the hypothesis of both cephalad and caudad progressions of ossification in neural processes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

et al. 2016

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PurposesThe knowledge of the developing cervical spine and its individual vertebrae, including their neural processes may be useful in the diagnostics of congenital vertebral malformations. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis with respect to their linear, planar and volumetric parameters.MethodsUsing the methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size of neural ossification centers in the atlas and axis in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWithout any male–female and right–left significant differences, the best fit growth dynamics for the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis were, respectively, modelled by the following functions: for length: y = −13.461 + 6.140 × ln(age) ± 0.570 and y = −15.683 + 6.882 × ln(age) ± 0.503, for width: y = −4.006 + 1.930 × ln(age) ± 0.178 and y = −3.054 + 1.648 × ln(age) ± 0.178, for cross-sectional area: y = −7.362 + 0.780 × age ± 1.700 and y = −9.930 + 0.869 × age ± 1.911, and for volume: y = −6.417 + 0.836 × age ± 1.924 and y = −11.592 + 1.087 × age ± 2.509.ConclusionsThe size of neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis shows neither sexual nor bilateral differences. The neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis grow logarithmically in both length and width and linearly in both cross-sectional area and volume. The numerical data relating to the size of neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis derived from the CT and digital-image analysis are considered specific-age reference values of potential relevance in both the ultrasound monitoring and the early detection of spinal abnormalities relating to the neural processes of the first two cervical vertebrae in the fetus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

et al. 2016

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“…Evidence for ossification of the neural arches has been documented as early as 9 weeks of gestation in the cervical regions and progresses in the cranial-to-caudal direction. 32 The neurocentral synchondrosis delineates the junction where the centrum and both arch centers fuse.…”

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confidence: 99%

A review of pediatric lumbar spine trauma

Sayama

Chen

Trost

et al. 2014

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Pediatric spine fractures constitute 1%–3% of all pediatric fractures. Anywhere from 20% to 60% of these fractures occur in the thoracic or lumbar spine, with the lumbar region being more affected in older children. Younger children tend to have a higher proportion of cervical injuries. The pediatric spine differs in many ways from the adult spine, which can lead to increased ligamentous injuries without bone fractures. The authors discuss and review pediatric lumbar trauma, specifically focusing on epidemiology, radiographic findings, types and mechanisms of lumbar spine injury, treatment, and outcomes.

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“…According to these authors, the commencement of ossification in neural arches might be both a consequence of fetal movements and the influence of particular skeletal muscles. Skórzewska et al [20] found vertebrae to start to ossify in fetuses aged 10–11 weeks. Firstly, ossification centers appeared within the neural arches of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, and 1 week later were also present in the arches of the successive thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first vertebral body ossification centers occur in the arches of upper cervical vertebrae, as early as at week 8 in the axis, and then progress caudad [6]. The first vertebral body ossification centers occur at week 10 in lower thoracic vertebrae and the first lumbar vertebra, from which the process continues both cephalad and caudad [20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image analysis of ossification centers in the axial dens and body in the human fetus

et al. 2016

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PurposesThe detailed understanding of the anatomy and timing of ossification centers is indispensable in both determining the fetal stage and maturity and for detecting congenital disorders. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the odontoid and body ossification centers in the axis with respect to their linear, planar and volumetric parameters.MethodsUsing the methods of CT, digital image analysis and statistics, the size of the odontoid and body ossification centers in the axis in 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWith no sex difference, the best fit growth dynamics for odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis were, respectively, as follows: for transverse diameter y = −10.752 + 4.276 × ln(age) ± 0.335 and y = −10.578 + 4.265 × ln(age) ± 0.338, for sagittal diameter y = −4.329 + 2.010 × ln(age) ± 0.182 and y = −3.934 + 1.930 × ln(age) ± 0.182, for cross-sectional area y = −7.102 + 0.520 × age ± 0.724 and y = −7.002 + 0.521 × age ± 0.726, and for volume y = −37.021 + 14.014 × ln(age) ± 1.091 and y = −37.425 + 14.197 × ln(age) ± 1.109.ConclusionsWith no sex differences, the odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis grow logarithmically in transverse and sagittal diameters, and in volume, while proportionately in cross-sectional area. Our specific-age reference data for the odontoid and body ossification centers of the axis may be relevant for determining the fetal stage and maturity and for in utero three-dimensional sonographic detecting segmentation anomalies of the axis.

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Ossification of the vertebral column in human foetuses: histological and computed tomography studies

Abstract: (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 230-238)

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

Morphometric study of the neural ossification centers of the atlas and axis in the human fetus

A review of pediatric lumbar spine trauma

Digital image analysis of ossification centers in the axial dens and body in the human fetus

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